Rizals European Sojourn

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Table of Contents
Spain
Barcelona Amor Patrio Universidad Central de Madrid Rizal as a Mason Financial Worries Exposicin Nacional de Bellas Artes Consuelo Ortiga y Rey

France
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Parisian Life

Spain
June 15, 1882
Rizal took a train from Marseilles to Barcelona. Vicente Pardo was also going to Barcelona. Rizals allowance, despite tedious thrift, was

already depleted.

June 16, 1882

He reached Barcelona Rizal
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noticed that the Spanish immigration officers are rude, indifferent, and inconsiderate.

Barcelona
Second

most city in Spain Catalonia region.

important

Most important city in the Due

to lodging at the worst part of the city, Rizals impression of Barcelona was ugly at first dirty inns, inhospitable residents etc. on, he will 2/3/13 appreciate Barcelona by

Later

For the first time, he experienced what he

havent experienced in the Philippines liberalism and freedom of expression.

Filipinos,

most of them were former classmates, welcomed him thru a party at the Plaza de Catalua, a favourite caf of the Filipinos. compatriots.

According to Craig, Rizal had no love for his He complained of their maana habits and

of the evils that were bound to exist in a country where Church and State were so inextricably intermingled. 2/3/13

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Las Ramblas Barcelona

Amor Patrio
Under the nom de plume Laong Laan. This was Rizals first article written in Spain. This was sent to Basilio Teodoro Moran, a

friend and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog.

It

was printed in August 20, 1882 and translated into Tagalog by Marcelo H. Del Pilar. nationalistic in tone.

Like the A La Juventud Filipina, this article is

2/3/13 Rizal

urged his countrymen to love the

Other Diariong Tagalog Articles

Los Viajes
This

was an account of Rizals travels going to Spain. was an account of Rizals impression of Madrid was sent back to him

Revista de Madrid
This
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It

Bad News from Calamba

Paciano kept in touch with Rizal on what was

happening back home.

Paciano told Rizal that Don Kiko was deeply

depressed and refused to eat due to his absence. Paciano decided to tell the truth and Don Kiko went back to his old self the next day.
There was an epidemic of cholera in the

Philippines. While most of them were safe, his old aya died of it.
2/3/13 Because of the incompetence of the health

Universidad Central de Madrid Nov. 1882

Rizal reached Madrid in

order to enroll at the Universidad Central de Madrid (now Universidad Complutense de Madrid).

This

is to finish his medical degree which he didnt able to finish in UST. in two courses

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Like in UST, he enrolled

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Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Medicina

Degrees Earned by Rizal

June 21, 1884
He earned the degree Licenciado en Medicina. Most of his grades are good and passable. Because he did not pay his graduation fee nor

presented a dissertation, he was not awarded the title Doctor en Medicina.

June 19, 1885

He earned the degree Licenciado en Pilosofia y
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Letras, allowing him to teach at any Spanish university as a professor of humanities.

Real

Other Extra-Curricular Activities

Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
A

prestigious art school in Madrid where Francisco Goya once served as director.

studied arts, particularly painting, sculpture, and drawing. 2/3/13

Rizal

Rizal

frequently attended the theatre, choosing especially the higher class dramas, occasionally went to masked balls. regularly. This was Rizals only vice.

He played the lotteries in small amounts but He

devoted most of his money to the purchase of books. The greater part of these were second-hand, but he bought several standard works in good editions, many with bindings deluxe.

He lived a Spartan life frugal and never

spending his money for gambling, wines, and women. 2/3/13

Rizal as a Mason
Rizal became interested in

the Masonry upon his acquaintances with wellknown Spanish Republicans. the prominent Republicans, mostly Masons as well, were Francisco Pi y Margall, Manuel Becerra, Emilio Junoy, Juan Ruiz Zorilla, and Miguel Morayta.

Among

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March 1883
He

joined the Acacia, Masonic Lodge in Madrid.

1890 He transferred to the Lodge

Solidaridad and later became Master Mason on Nov. 15, 1890.

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The Roman Catholic Church and the The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Freemasonry
A number of Papal pronouncements have

Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In Eminenti, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab Apostolici, 15 October 1890.

Popes condemns what it sees as the Masonic

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idea of the total separation of religion and

Why did Rizal Freemasonry?

joined

the

Rizal grew dissolute with the Roman Catholic

Church due to the influence of liberalism and freedom in Spain.

Also, the abuses and the hypocrisy of the

Catholic hierarchy in the Philippines was too much for him to bear and continue to follow Catholicism with much skepticism and cynicism. enlist the aid of the Freemasons, and act as a shield in his combat against the friars.

He believed that utilizing Freemasonry, he can

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Rizal as a Freemason Age 24

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Financial Worries
Rizals allowance arrived late or sometimes

never came at all.

This was due to harvest failures due to

drought and locusts.

Also, the rent was raised by the manager of

Dominican hacienda.

It was a spite against Don Kiko for refusing

him to give him a turkey, which Don Kiko is well-known from breeding turkeys. reason why Don Kiko refused was because the turkeys are for breeding purposes

The 2/3/13

Paciano, knowing Rizals financial worries,

sold Rizals horse just so he can send Rizal his allowance.

He

June 24, 1884

attended his classes at the university without taking breakfast. and won him a gold medal.
In a stroke of luck, Rizal was invited that

He participated in a Greek language contest

evening as a guest speaker at the Restaurante Ingles. He was able to have a good meal for the day.
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Hotel Ingles Restaurante Ingles

Exposicin Nacional de Bellas Artes

Two

Filipinos Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo, won gold and silver medals respectively in the Exposicin Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884. Restaurante Ingles attended by community, prominent Spanish journalists, statesmen, and writers. Filipino artists,

The reception was held in their honour at the

Rizal was the guest speaker and delivered a

stirring speech which was received with a standing ovation. 2/3/13

I envision two brilliant arches, each rising from the two regions, that entwine above in the heights, impelled by the sympathy of common origin, and from that height they bind two peoples with eternal ties, two peoples separated in vain by the seas and space, two peoples in which the seeds of disunion do not germinate, BLINDLY SOWN BY MEN AND THEIR TYRANNY. Luna and Hidalgo are as much Spanish glories as they are Filipino. 2/3/13

Selected passages from the speech

In The Spoliarium, through that canvas which is not mute, one hears the noise of the crowd, the shouts of the slaves, the metallic clanking of the dead bodies' armour, the sobbing of orphans, the murmured prayers, with as much vigour and realism as one hears the deafening noise of thunder amid the crashing sound of a waterfall or the awesome, terrifying shaking of an 2/3/13 earthquake.

Both, upon reflecting with their palettes the splendour of the Tropical sunlight, transform it into rays of eternal glory with which they wreath THEIR COUNTRY -- HUMANITY SUBJECTED TO SEVERE TESTS; UNREDEEMED HUMANITY; reason and aspiration in open struggle against personal troubles, FANATICISM AND INJUSTICE, because sentiment and opinion will break open a path through even the thickest walls; because for them all bodies have pores, all are transparent, and if they lack the pen, if the printing press does not second them, then palette and brush not only will give pleasure to 2/3/13

If the mother teaches her child her language in order to understand his joys, his needs or pains, Spain as a mother also teaches her language to Filipinas, despite the opposition of those short-sighted midgets who secure their position, INCAPABLE OF LOOKING INTO THE FUTURE and not weighing the consequences. Sickly wet nurses, corrupted and corrupting, who tend to snuff out all legitimate feeling and pervert the hearts of nations, sowing in them the seeds of discords such that later their fruit is harvested: 2/3/13

I raise a toast to those who have given them assistance along the painful path of art! I offer a toast that the Filipino youth, sacred hope of my nation, may imitate such precious models and that Mother Spain, solicitous and attentive to the wellbeing of her provinces, may soon put into practice the reforms that she has long considered; for the furrow has been ploughed and the earth is not barren!
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And finally, I offer a toast to the happiness of parents who, deprived of their sons' affection, from those distant regions follow them with tearful gaze and beating heart through the seas and the distance, sacrificing on the altar of the common good the sweet consolations that are so scarce in life's twilight - precious and solitary winter flowers blooming beside the tomb's snow mantled borders.
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Flix Resurreccin Hidalgo 2/3/13

Juan Luna

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Spoliariu m

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Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho The Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace

Significance of the Paintings

Both

Both paintings used dark hues of paint.

paintings represent sadness, and suffering.

misery,

gloom,

Both evokes raw feeling of emotions a

typical romantic style painting of the period.

Both

paintings are subliminal messages.

symbolical

and

has

All of which reflects the condition of the

Philippines during their time.

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Consuelo Ortiga y Rey

The prettier of Don Pablo

Ortigas daughters, fell in love with him.

He dedicated to her A la

Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems. Madrid was frequented by Rizal and his compatriots.

The Ortiga's residence in

2/3/13 probably fell in love He

Why ask for those unintellectual verses that once, insane with grief, I sang aghast? Or are you maybe throwing in my face my rank ingratitude, my bitter past? Why resurrect unhappy memories now when the heart awaits from love a sign, or call the night when day begins to smile, not knowing if another day will shine? You wish to learn the cause of this dejection delirium of despair that anguish wove? You wish to know the wherefore of such sorrows, and why, a young soul, I sing not of love? Oh, may you never know why! For the reason brings melancholy but may set you laughing. Down with my corpse into the grave shall go another corpse that's buried in my stuffing!
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Al Srta. C.O. y R.

18 January 1883

Consuelos Diary Entries about Rizal

Rizal talked with me for a long time, almost the whole night. He told me that I was very talented, that I was very diplomatic, and that he was going to see if he could extract some truth from me within two weeks; that I was mysterious and that I had a veil over my ideas. He asked me who my favorite author was; I dont know what I answered him because I was no longer feeling well. Lete told him that neither had he understood me and I said that it was easy and I was sure that Rizal would understand me forthwith. Now Im sorry for having said this. Have I not given him hope with it? Rizal told me that he detested amiable women because when they smiled, men imagined that they did so for something else. As he had told me the night before that I was very amiable, I understood that he meant it and I left him so that he would not make a mistake. A man should first study the ground and if he sees that the smile is fore everybody he ought not 2/3/13 to pay attention to her smiles because in distributing them

26 February 1883 . . . Rizal is also in love; he has not declared this but almost, almost. He told me last night that he had a sickness that would not leave him except when traveling and that was only perchance. He also told me and I understood why, that two brothers had killed each other because both played the same card, that is, because both loved the same woman. He said that he had taken notice of one who was very tall for him but in spite of the fact that he had done it to amuse himself, it was useless. I listened to him with pleasure because he talks well and I fear that because of that he may think that Im giving him hope, as it is in reality, but as it happens that I like his conversation, I abandon myself to it and 2/3/13 then when he goes away, Im sorry; he comes

3 April 1883 I didnt want to say that, nor did the other tell her that he loved her; but at any rate I ask you a thousand pardons and I withdraw whatever was offensive. I stood up for a moment and when I came back, Rizal, truly pressed, said to me: Do you forgive me? Ive nothing to forgive because it was due to my excessive susceptibility. Why? Do you forgive me? I forgive and see how good I am for I impose no penance.
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14 May 1883 At this point I opened my handbag and I saw the flower Rizal had given me last Sunday and without caring a whit, showed it to him. Everybody knew it and Rizal, however much he tried to dissimulate, was very happy. Afterwards I was sorry but there was no remedy. Lete then said to me: Youve kept the flower. Yes; I was removing things; my handbag was open and I dropped the flower into it just as I would have done with any other thing. Youre a terrible woman, Rizal said. It seems unbelievable! Its atrocious, with that sweet face you take delight in mortifying; since this night you have made me suffer so much and you do nothing but laugh. 2/3/13

I want to laugh now if by chance I may have to cry later. I would be glad. Thanks, I said to Rizal. He didnt know that I was at the point of crying. I dont remember what Rizal said that Lete said to me: Youll not make me quarrel with my friend. I? Why? Because its so. It will not be serious.
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Paris, France
Rizal stayed in Paris from June 17 to

August 20, 1883.

He first stayed at the Hotel de Paris,

later to a hotel in the Latin Quarter of Paris.

Rizal, fulfilling his secret mission, visited

historical and tourist sites in Paris.

He find Paris so expensive, he concluded

that it was the costliest city in Europe.

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Rizal Marker at Hotel-deParis and Place Jose Rizal Paris, France

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Parisian Life

In his second visit to Paris

in 1885, he will now study ophthalmology.

Rizal, remembering Doa

Lolays eye condition, worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading ophthalmologist in Paris for four months. visits Juan Luna in his studio. He also visit the Pardo de Taveras, and

During his free time, he

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Juan Lunas Studio in Paris

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Rizal with Luna & the Pardo de Taveras in a Parisian Cafe

2/3/13Rizal

with the Luna & Pardo de Tavera

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Rizal in a Masquerade Ball

Death of Cleopatra 2/3/13 Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest while Juan Luna

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Blood Compact Rizal posed as Sikatuna

Germany
Feb. 1, 1886
He left Paris for Germany.

Feb. 3, 1886
He reached Heidelberg, a well-

known university town.

Because of Rizals aptitude for

chess, he was made a member of 2/3/13 the Chess Players Club

Heidelberg
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Heidelberg as seen from the castle

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Heidelberg Castle

University of Heidelberg
Rizal

worked in the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker. Rizal attended lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kehne, another leading ophthalmologist and physiologist in

Also,

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University of Heidelberg Baden-Wuerttemberg

Heidelberg University Library

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Dr. Otto Heinrich Enoch Becker

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Dr. Wilhelm Kehne

German Life
Rizal, as always, toured most of

Heidelberg mission.

as

part

of

his

secret

He was impressed with ecumenism

existing between German Roman Catholics and Protestants. Most of them live together in harmony and unity.
Struck 2/3/13

with

homesickness

and

And tell of that day when he collected you along the way among the ruins of a feudal castle, on the banks of the Neckar, or in a forest nook. Recount the words he said as, with great care, between the pages of a worn-out book he pressed the flexible petals that he took. Carry, carry, O flowers, my love to my loved ones, peace to my country and its fecund loam, faith to its men and virtue to its women, health to the gracious beings that dwell within the sacred paternal home. When you reach that shore, deposit the kiss I gave you on the wings of the wind above that with the wind it may rove and I may kiss all that I worship, honor and love! 2/3/13 Jose Rizal

Wilhelmsfeld
Rizal

spent Wilhelmsfeld.

his

summer

vacation

in

He resided with Dr. Karl Ullmer, a Lutheran

pastor, whom he befriended and was admired by Dr. Ullmer.

Rizal again saw the immense ecumenism in

Wilhelmsfeld as Dr. Ullmer had a good friend a Roman Catholic priest.

Both of them, despite differences, engaged in

fishing while talking to the merits of their 2/3/13 respective religions without provocation.

Wilhelmsfeld
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Dr. Karl Ullmer

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Rizal Monument and Rizal Street Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

Ferdinand Blumentritt
An Austrian professor and

the Director of the Ateneo in Leitmeritz (Litomice). July 31, 1886 upon knowing Blumentritts keen interest in Philippine languages.

Rizal first wrote him in

Rizal
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sent him the Aritmetica, a bilingual book in Spanish and

Leipzig
August 14, 1886
Rizal arrived at Leipzig. He

attended lectures in history and psychology at the University of Leipzig. became friend with historian Friedrich Ratzel and anthropologist Dr. Hans Meyer.

He

translated Friedrich Von Schillers novel, William Tell, in Tagalog as 2/3/13

He

Rizals Tagalog Translation of a Hans Christian Andresens Fairy Tale

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Leipzig Opera House

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Dresden
October 29, 1886
Rizal

left from Leipzig to Dresden. It is considered the "Elbflorenz" (Florence of the Elbe) due to its scenic beauty along the Elbe River. met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of Anthropological and Ethnological Museum in Dresden.

He

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Dresden

Katholische Hofkirche The Catholic Church of the Royal Court of Saxony Rizal heard masses in this church.

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Berlin
Rizals reasons on his visit to Berlin:
To

further enhance ophthalmological studies. studies.

his

To improve his scientific and language To study Germanys economic and

political status. associate himself 2/3/13 German scientists.

To

to

leading

Life in Berlin
As

usual, he toured Berlin and sketched most of its famous landmarks. attended lectures at the University of Berlin and worked as a clinical assistant to Dr. Karl Ernst T. Schweigger, a famous ophthalmologist.

He

He toured the countryside around 2/3/13

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Parliament House of the German Empire

Reichstag Building

Rizal on German Women

Rizal admired German women as he found

them diligent, serious.

educated,

intelligent,

and

They dressed nicely but not very particular

with pretty dresses and expensive jewelleries.

Rizal wished that Filipinas could be like the

German women. However, he still admired Filipinas are delicate, sophisticated, devoted, and hospitable.
Rizal hoped that Filipinas will learn from their
2/3/13 German

counterparts

so

Filipinas

can

German Customs
Rizal noted the use of Pine

trees as Christmas Trees.

It was Rizals first time to

celebrate Christmas with a Christmas tree due to its Protestant origins.

Rizal also noted the self-

introduction of someone not yet been introduced in a gathering. a guest not

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It is consider a faux pas for

properly

He then turned toward a group of men who, upon seeing him approach, arranged themselves in a semicircle. Gentlemen, he addressed them, it is a custom in Germany, when a stranger finds himself at a function and there is no one to introduce him to those present, that he give his name and so introduce himself. Allow me to adopt this usage here, not to introduce foreign customs when our own are so beautiful, but because I find myself driven to it by necessity. I have already paid my respects to the skies and to the ladies of my native land; now I wish to greet its citizens, my fellowcountrymen. Gentlemen, my name is Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin. Juan Crisostomo Ibarra Chapter II Crisostomo Ibarra

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Berlin Scientific Circle

In

Berlin, he became Germanys best scientists.

acquainted

with

With

a letter of recommendation from Blumentritt, he met Dr. Feodor Jagor, the author of the Reisenin den Philippinen (Travels in the Philippines). with Jagors recommendation, he introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, an eminent German anthropologist.

And

Rizal also met Dr. Wilhelm Joest, a German

2/3/13 geographer.

Wilhelm Joest Feodor Jagor Rudolf Virchow

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Assessment of Rizals Life in Europe

Rizal kept his secret mission most of the time.

He kept observing the European way of life.

Rizal felt freedom and liberty for the first time.

It will mould his character holistically and further developed his nationalist sentiments.
Rizal continued his scientific and literary

pursuit in Europe. This will help him better understand the conditions plaguing the Philippines.
Rizals speech in Madrid and his membership
2/3/13 the to

Freemasonry reflected his change of