WAN

Concept of Frame Relay

Wide Area Networking Protocols

PLANNING & DESIGNING
Choose WAN services to meet customer requirements

IMPLEMENTATION & OPERATION

Implement simple WAN protocols

TROUBLESHOOTING
Perform simple WAN troubleshooting

TECHNOLOGY
Evaluate key characteristics of WANs
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Defining WAN Terms

Customer premises equipment (CPE)
Customer premises equipment (CPE) is equipment thats owned by the subscriber and located on the subscribers premises.

Demarcation point
The demarcation location is the spot where the service providers responsibility ends and the CPE begins.
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 Local loop
The local loop connects to the closest switching office, called a central office.

Central office (CO)

This point connects the customers to the providers switching network.

Toll network
The toll network is a trunk line inside a WAN providers network. This network is a collection of switches and facilities owned by the ISP.
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WAN Connection Types

Frame Relay ISDN LAPB LAPD HDLC PPP ATM

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Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a Data Link layer protocol that can be used over either asynchronous serial (dial-up) or synchronous serial (ISDN) media. It uses the LCP (Link Control Protocol) to build and maintain data-link connections. Network Control Protocol (NCP) is used to allow multiple Network layer protocols (routed protocols) to be used on a point-topoint connection.
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Link Control Protocol (LCP) Configuration Options

Authentication This option tells the calling side of the link to send information that can identify the user. The two methods are PAP and CHAP. Compression This is used to increase the throughput of PPP connections by compressing the data or payload prior to transmission. PPP decompresses the data frame on the receiving end. Error detection PPP uses Quality and Magic Number options to ensure a reliable, loop-free data link.
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 Multilink Starting in IOS version 11.1, multilink is supported on PPP links with Cisco routers. PPP callback PPP can be configured to call back after successful authentication.

PPP Session Establishment

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PPP Authentication Methods

Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

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PAP and CHAP

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Configuring PPP on Cisco Routers

Router#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#int s0 Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp Router(config-if)#^Z Router#
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Configuring PPP Authentication

Router#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#hostname RouterA RouterA(config)#username RouterB password cisco

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 When using the hostname command, remember that the username is the hostname of the remote router connecting to your router. And its case sensitive. Also, the password on both routers must be the same.

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 RouterA#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. RouterA(config)#int s0 RouterA(config-if)#ppp authentication chap pap RouterA(config-if)#^Z RouterA#
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Verifying PPP Encapsulation

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Debug PPP Authentication

d16h: Se0/0 PPP: Using default call direction 1d16h: Se0/0 PPP: Treating connection as a dedicated line 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: O CHALLENGE id 219 len 27 from "Pod1R1" 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: I CHALLENGE id 208 len 27 from "Pod1R2" 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: O RESPONSE id 208 len 27 from "Pod1R1" 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: I RESPONSE id 219 len 27 from "Pod1R2" 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: O SUCCESS id 219 len 4 1d16h: Se0/0 CHAP: I SUCCESS id 208 len 4

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Mismatched WAN Encapsulations

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Mismatched IP Addresses

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R 1 S 192. 168. 0. 1/ 24 0: E ncapsul at i on: ppp

R 2 S 192. 168. 0. 1/ 24 0: E ncapsul at i on: ppp

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Frame Relay

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Committed Information Rate (CIR)

Frame Relay works by providing a portion of dedicated bandwidth to each user, and also allowing the user to exceed their guaranteed bandwidth if resources on the telco network are available. So basically, Frame Relay providers allow customers to buy a lower amount of bandwidth than what they really use. There are two separate bandwidth specifications with Frame Relay:
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 Access rate The maximum speed at which the Frame Relay interface can transmit. CIR The maximum bandwidth of data guaranteed to be delivered. However, in reality, this is the average amount that the service provider will allow you to transmit.
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Frame Relay Encapsulation Types

When configuring Frame Relay on Cisco routers, you need to specify it as an encapsulation on serial interfaces. Frame Relay there are two encapsulation types: Cisco and IETF (which stands for Internet Engineering Task Force).

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 RouterA(config)#int s0 RouterA(config-if)#encapsulation framerelay ? ietf Use RFC1490 encapsulation <cr> The default encapsulation is Cisco unless you manually type in ietf
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Virtual Circuits

Frame Relay operates using virtual circuits two types of virtual circuits:
permanent switched

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permanent

Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) are by far the most common type in use today. What permanent means is that the telco creates the mappings inside their gear, and as long as you pay the bill, they will remain in place.

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Switched Virtual Circuits

Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) are more like a phone call. The virtual circuit is stablished when data needs to be transmitted, then is taken down when data transfer is complete.

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Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs)

Frame Relay PVCs are identified to DTE end devices using Data Link Connection Identifiers (DLCIs). A Frame Relay service provider typically assigns DLCI values, which are used on Frame Relay interfaces to distinguish between different virtual circuits. Because many virtual circuits can be terminated on one multipoint Frame Relay interface, many DLCIs are often affiliated with it. theyre locally significant
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Inverse ARP (IARP)

maps a DLCI to an IP address (kind of like ARP does with MAC addresses to IP addresses). IARP is not configurable, but it can be disabled. It runs on a Frame Relay router and maps the DLCI (to an IP address) for Frame Relay so it knows how to get to the Frame Relay switch.

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 You can see the IP-to-DLCI mappings with the show frame-relay map command. If you have a non-Cisco router in your network and it does not support IARP, then you have to statically provide IP to DLCI mappings with the frame-relay map command

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 In Figure 11.13, DLCI 100 is considered locally significant to RouterA and identifies the circuit between RouterA and its ingress Frame Relay switch. DLCI 200 would identify the circuit between RouterB and its ingress Frame Relay switch.

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 RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interfacedlci ? <16-1007> Define a DLCI as part of the current subinterface RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay interfacedlci 16
DLCIs identify the logical circuit between the local router and a Frame Relay switch.
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Local Management Interface (LMI)

Local Management Interface (LMI) is a signaling standard used between your router and the first Frame Relay switch its connected to. It allows for passing information about the operation and status of the virtual circuit between the providers network and the DTE (your router). It communicates information about the following:
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Keepalives Multicasting Global addressing Status of virtual circuits

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There are three different types of LMI message formats:

Cisco ANSI and Q.933A

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RouterA(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type ? cisco ansi q933a

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Cisco
Cisco LMI defined by the Gang of Four (default). The Local Management Interface (LMI) was developed in 1990 by Cisco Systems, StrataCom, Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation and became known as the Gang-of-Four LMI or Cisco LMI.

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ANSI

Annex D included with ANSI standard T1.617.

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ITU-T (Q.933A)

Annex A included in the ITU-T standard and defined by using the Q.933a command keyword.

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R 1 s0. 1: 192. 168. 1. 1/ 24 s0. 2: 192. 168. 2. 1/ 24

D I : 102 LC

D I : 103 LC
D LC I:

01 :2 I LC D

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R 2 s0: 192. 168. 1. 2/ 24

R 3 s0: 192. 168. 2. 2/ 24

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