THE CARDIAC CYCLE

APURVI PORWAL ROLL NO. - 11

DEFINITION

The sequence of changes in the pressure and flow in the heart chambers and blood vessels in between the two subsequent cardiac contractions is known as Cardiac Cycle. Normal duration: 0.8 sec at heart rate of 75/min (60/0.8).

HEART

EVENTS IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE

Heart at rest
Blood flows from large veins into atria Passive flow from atria into ventricles

Atria (R & L) contract simultaneously

Blood forced into ventricles

Ventricles (R & L) contract simultaneously

Atrioventricular valves close L-U-B sound. Blood forced into large arteries

Ventricles relax
Semilunar valves close D-U-B sound.

Heart at rest

THE CARDIAC CYCLE

Cardiac cycle a period of relaxation Diastole , during which heart fills with blood - period of contraction, called Systole during which heart pumps the blood. Ventricular Systole:0.3 sec Ventricular Diastole: 0.5 sec Atrial Systole: 0.1 sec Atrial Diastole: 0.7 sec

SYSTOLE
Contraction Time!!! Atrial Systole: Atria contract and force blood into ventricles.

Ventricular Systole: Ventricles contract and force blood into arteries under pressure. At the same time the atria relax and the cycle starts again!

DIASTOLE
Relaxation Time! Muscles of both atria and ventricles relax to allow blood from veins to flow through the atria into the ventricles until heart is filled.

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

Blood normally flows continually from great veins into atria : 75% flows directly through atria into ventricle before the atria contracts.

25% of filling of ventricles atrial contraction

Atrial contraction is complete before the ventricle begins to contract. Atrial Systole: 0.1 sec

VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION

The atrioventricular (AV valves close at beginning of this phase

producing the L-U-B sound which is the first heart sound(HS1).

Mechanically, ventricular systole is defined as the interval between the closing of the AV valves and the opening of the semilunar valves (aortic pulmonary valves).

Ventricular Systole: 0.3 sec.

Ejection

When ventricles continue to contract , pressure in ventricles exceed that of in aorta & arteries, semilunar valves open, blood is pumped out of ventricles & volume decreases rapidly.

The Semilunar valves( aortic, pulmonary) open at the beginning of this phase.
This at first 1/3 rapid ejection (70%) & remaining 2/3 slow ejection (30%). At the end of the ejection semilunar valves close.

SLOW EJECTION

After the peak in ventricular and arterial pressures , blood flow out of the ventricles decreases and ventricular volume decreases more slowly.

When the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the arteries, blood in the arteries begins to flow back toward the ventricles and causes the semilunar valves to close producing the second heart sound D-U-B (HS2).This marks the end of ventricular systole.

Beginning of Diastole

Throughout this and the previous two phases, the atrium in diastole has been filling with blood on top of the closed AV valve, causing atrial pressure to rise gradually.

Pressure & volume of ventricle are low in this phase .

Rapid Inflow (Rapid Ventricular Filling)

Once AV valves are open the blood that has accumulated in atria flows into the ventricle.

DIASTASIS

Slow filling of the ventricles is called Diastasis. It occurs for approx. 0.18 to 0.20 sec. It is due to the continuous venous return filling both atrium and ventricle.

End diastolic volume :during diastole,

filling of ventricle increases volume of each ventricle to 110 -120 ml.

Stroke Volume : amount of blood pumped out of ventricle during systole - 70 ml. End systolic volume : the remaining amount of blood in ventricle after the systole , 40 -50 ml.

CORELATION OF EVENTS IN THE CARDIAC CYCLE

THE COMPLETE PICTURE

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