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Socialization:
From Infancy
to Old Age
Personality a
Human Development: Nature and Nurture Sociobiology the role of nature Elements of society have a ___________ root Behaviorism - the role of _______ Most of who and what we are as a species is learned, or social in nature
Charles Darwins study of _______ led to the nature argument. ______ that enhance survival emerge as a species nature.
John Watson developed a theory called _________. Behavior is not ________, but _______.
Social Isolation
Harry and Margaret Harlow discovered that infant monkeys left in isolation suffered _________ and ________ damage. Six months of complete ______ was enough to lead to permanent developmental damage.
Social Isolation
Three children, Anna, Isabelle, and Genie were left in isolation and suffered _________ _________ ________. Social experience performs a crucial role in forming _________.
Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud believed that biology plays a major role in _______ ____________. Eros (the ____ instinct) - covers all the selfpreserving and erotic instincts. Thanatos (the ______ instinct) - covers all the instincts towards aggression, self-destruction and cruelty.
The ego is the element of the personality representing the demands of society, balancing innate pleasure-seeking drives.
_______, in the form of the superego, represses selfish demands and demands that individuals become ____ __________.
Cognitive Development Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Jean Piaget studied human cognition, how people _____ and _________. Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor Stage. ___________ Stage. Concrete Operational Stage. Formal Operational Stage.
Sensorimotor stage
Sensory contact smelling, looking)
understanding
(eg. touching,
Preoperational stage
Use of language and experiences/objects)
other symbols
(specific
Kohlberg studied moral reasoning, the ways individuals judge situations as _____ or ______. Young children experience the world in terms of ____ and ________.
Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Teens lose their sense of selfishness as they align themselves with broader ______ _____. Lastly, individuals begin to think about _______ principles beyond societys norms.
Pre-Conventional
1. Obedience & punishment orientation 2. Self-interest orientation
Conventional
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity 4. Authority and social-order orientation
__________________
5. Social contract orientation 6. Universal ethical principles
compared the moral development of girls and boys. The two sexes use different standards of _________.
have a justice perspective, relying on ______ _____. Girls have a _____ and _________ perspective, relying on personal relationships.
Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead Mead believed social behaviorism explains how social experience creates personality. Meads central concept is the self the part of the individuals personality composed of self-awareness and selfimage. The _______ of the ____ is in social experience.
Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley Cooley used the term the lookingglass self a self-image based on how we think others see us. Others represent a mirror in which we can see _______. What we think of ourselves depends on what we think others ____ __ __.
Erikson felt we face eight challenges throughout the life course. Success at one stage prepares us for meeting the next. He assumes all people meet these challenges at exactly the order presented, in ________ _______.
(6)
(7) (8)
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority _______ vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Agents of Socialization
The family has the greatest impact on __________.
Agents of Socialization
Race and Class
Racial Identity
Social Class Position
________ & conformity (poor) vs. good judgment & creativity (rich)
Agents of Socialization
_________ enlarges childrens social worlds to include people with different backgrounds.
Agents of Socialization
Peer groups ______ groups whose members have interests, social positions, and ages in common.
Agents of Socialization
Agents of Socialization
Violence and television
1996: American Medical Association stated ________ on television and films are hard to health 1997: Television rating system adopted
__________
Acceptance