Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Understanding Investments
Learning Objectives
Define investment and discuss what it means to study investments. Explain why risk and return are the two critical components of all investing decisions. Outline the two-step investment decision process. Discuss key factors that affect the investment decision process.
Inter-temporal Choices
Utility of consumption Savings foregone consumption, the difference between current income and current consumption Borrowing Demand and Supply determines the equilibrium price
Investments Defined
Investment - the process of committing funds to one or more assets The sacrifice of certain present value for (possibly uncertain) future value MGT3040?
Investment Objectives
Primary Objectives Safety of principal Income Growth of capital Secondary Objectives Liquidity Tax minimization
Investment Constraints
Possible constraints for investors include:
Legal Moral / Ethical Emotional including investment knowledge and risk tolerance Basic minimum income to be provided by the portfolio Realism an understanding that some objectives are unrealistic (e.g., high returns with low risk) Other (e.g., illness, pending divorce, etc.)
Investment Decisions
Underlying investment decisions: the tradeoff between expected return and risk Return: expected return is not usually the same as realized return Risk: the possibility that the realized return will be different than the expected return
Stocks
ER
Bonds
Typical Chart
RT
RELATION
RISQUE-RENDEME
High
10
Real estate (commercial) Common shares Real estate (residential) Preferred shares Corporate bonds Government bonds
Rendement
Expected Return 6
4
Treasury bills
0 0 Low 2 4 6
Risk
10
12
High
Security analysis
Necessary to understand security characteristics and applied to these securities to estimate their price or value Selected securities viewed as a single unit How and when should it be revised? How should portfolio performance be measured?
Portfolio management
Foreign financial assets opportunity to enhance return and/or reduce risk Investors must cope with a new investing environment Internet changes investments environment Institutional investors are important How efficient are financial markets in processing new information?
Foreign financial assets opportunity to enhance return and/or reduce risk Investors must now cope with a changed investing environment Internet changes investments environment Institutional investors are important How efficient are financial markets in processing
Corporate Governance
Main issues:
The accountability of the Board of Directors and Management A re-examination of accounting and auditing practices Management compensation arrangements such as executive stock option plans Disclosure requirements The effectiveness of existing regulatory bodies
CFA Institute (formerly Association for Investment Management and Research (AIMR))
The CFA institute administers the Chartered Financial Analyst curriculum and examination program