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PUAFIR202A
Respond to isolated/remote structure fire
Module introduction
Module objectives
When responding to isolated or remote structure
fires, be able to:
gain access to the site or building
locate and combat the fire using appropriate
firefighting strategies and tactics
use portable extinguishers and ancillary
equipment carried on the tanker
conclude firefighting operations.
Module introduction
Module Outline
Sessions:
1
Module introduction
Session 1:
Session 1 objectives
Be able to:
explain how structure fires develop and behave
identify risk situations such as:
Flashover
Backdraught
Fire gas explosion
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Principles of fire
Flammability and fuels
Structure fire development stages
Factors affecting fire development
Fire gas explosions
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Combustion (Fire Triangle)
Heat
Provides energy to convert
fuel to vapour
Fuel
Solid, Liquid or Vapour/Gas state.
Oxygen
Fuel reacts with oxygen and fuel vapours mix
with air.
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Fire tetrahedron
Fire requires the interaction of:
oxygen;
heat;
fuel; and
a chemical chain reaction.
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
The 4 phases of combustion
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Products of combustion (fire gases)
visible as smoke and light
consist of:
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Effect of non flammable gases on fire
No direct part in promoting the chemical chain
reaction
May be referred to as Passive Agents or
Passives
May effect fire behaviour by displacing oxygen or
removing heat
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
fire behaviour in a small
compartment fire
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Pyrolysis is the chemical breakdown of fuels
caused by heat
Heated fuels begin to decompose (pyrolise) at
about 80 0C
Pyrolysis occurs in wood at around 150 200 0C
Pyrolysis gases are flammable at the right
temperature and mixture
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Principles of fire
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
lean.
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Insufficient fuel
The fire will die out once fuel is consumed
Smouldering fire
Insufficient energy to ignite and flashover. It will
eventually move to a too rich mixture.
If stirred up by firefighters embers
may provide an ignition source for
fire gases in the compartment
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 35
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
corridors
In structural voids and roof spaces.
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 37
Session 1:
Structure fire behaviour
Session 2:
Session 2 objectives
Be able to:
List and describe four ways that heat transfer
can cause fire to spread through a structure, or
from one structure to another.
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Radiant heat
Convection
Conduction
Direct burning (flame impingement).
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Radiant heat
Radiated heat:
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Convection
Convected heat:
travels in stairwells and lifts
accelerates burning by
entraining air, supplying
additional oxygen to the fire
spreads fire by transferring
hot air and gases upwards
or laterally through a
structure
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Conduction
Conducted heat:
transfers heat through or
along a solid material
from a region of higher
temperature to a region of
lower temperature;
spreads the fire;
weakens steel;
expanding beams
may push out walls.
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Direct burning
Direct burning:
transfers heat by physical
flame contact (flame
impingement).
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 45
Session 2:
Heat transfer in structure fires
Session 3:
Structure Collapse
Session 3 objectives
Be able to:
recognise different types of constructions
identify causes and recognise signs of imminent
structure collapse.
describe actions required by firefighters in the
event of structural damage or collapse.
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Session 3:
Structure collapse
inferior workmanship
alterations and modifications
excessive additional loads
type of building materials
age
fire damage.
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Fire damaged
joists provide little
support for upper
floor
May not be evident
when working from
above
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 52
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Pre-incident planning
A pre-incident plan should consider:
location and means of
access and exit;
materials used in
construction;
material hazards;
building occupancy or
use;
probable number of
people in the building
(day or night);
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 60
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 61
Session 3:
Structure collapse
Session 4:
Session 4 objectives
Be able to describe:
how Size-Up and RECEO assist in determining
fireground priorities
the 5 steps used to identify hazards and
minimise any risks in firefighting operations
ways to minimise damage to cultural assets or
the environment caused by firefighting
operations
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Size-up
Process
Role of firefighters in size-up
Considerations in size-up
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Size-up
What is Size-up?
Actions taken by the crew leader in weighing up
available information and determining the most
appropriate method of attack
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Size-up
Size-up process:
Facts;
Probabilities;
Own situation, including firefighter safety;
Decisions; and,
Plan of operation.
Firefighter safety must be given
priority over all other fire
suppression considerations and
activities.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 66
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Size -up
Considerations
Incident location
Type of occupancy
Time of day
Crew competencies
Hazards and risks
threat to life,
property,
the environment and
exposures
the need for damage
control
hazardous materials
Structure construction
and layout
Stage of fire
development
Potential for rapid fire
progress
Potential for structural
collapse
Access to the seat of
fire
Weather conditions
Water supply
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
RECEO
Acronym RECEO stands for:
Rescue;
Exposures;
Containment;
Extinguishment; and
Overhaul.
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
(Rescues)ECEO
Being first does not mean firefighters must
immediately commence rescue activities.
Rescue considerations:
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
R(Exposures)CEO
Any adjacent structures, properties or machinery
not directly involved in the fire but at risk of
being damaged or burnt if a fire is not contained.
Exposure considerations:
fire intensity;
space between structures;
shielding to the adjacent premises;
wind direction; and
type of construction.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 71
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
RE(Containment)EO
Operations required to prevent a fire from
spreading to uninvolved parts of the structure
Closing doors
Removing fuels
Protecting exposures with water jets or sprays
Containment considerations:
fuels
potential areas of spread
water supply availability
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 72
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
REC(Extinguishment)O
the method of fire suppression and actions taken
in putting out the fire
Extinguishment considerations
type and quantity of fuel involved
physical arrangement of the fuel
location of the fire and the availability of
equipment
the environment
quantity, quality and availability of extinguishing
medium
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 73
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
RECEO
RECE(Overhaul)
operations taken to ensure that the fire is
completely out and takes place as soon as all
other stages of fire control have been reached
Considerations
places where fire may smoulder unnoticed
overhaul activities may impede investigation of a
suspicious fire
try to preserve evidence at the scene around
point of origin
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 74
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Water courses;
Dams;
Nearby crops;
Streams and catchment areas.
Where risk of pollution or
environmental damage exists, contain
run off from fire fighting activities.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 76
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Sandbagging
Tarps across the flow
Charged hose line positioned as a barrier
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 79
Session 4:
Size-up and RECEO
Session 5:
Session 5 objectives
Be able to
provide an effective response to a
remote/isolated low structural fire
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
likelihood of flashover
likelihood of a backdraught
likelihood of a fire gas explosion
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Forced entry
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Always wear
appropriate
PPC/E when
using forcible
entry tools.
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Hinged
Barred
Sliding
Automatic
Cantilever
Roller
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
sash
casement
fixed
barred
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Firefighting operational considerations for crews
without BA and structural ensemble
Crew will generally be limited to external attack
using either direct or indirect firefighting tactics.
Crew Leader/IC may decide that it is safe to
enter the structure and attack the seat of the fire
directly, if the structure:
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Defensive strategies
a non aggressive external
approach
water streams may be
placed between the fire
and any exposures to
prevent the spread of
fire
usually the first
approach if the structure
is involved and crew do
not have self contained
breathing apparatus
During defensive
operations, firefighters
do not normally enter
the burning structure
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 95
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Offensive strategies
an aggressive approach to
firefighting
May be used by crew who
do not have BA only when:
Direct attack on
the seat of the fire
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 96
Firefighting strategies
Using water to extinguish a structure fire
water absorbs heat when turning
into steam, cooling the fuel
steam dilutes flammable gases and
displaces most of the smoke and fire
gases reducing pyrolysis
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Water extinguishing methods - Direct attack
Direct attack uses a jet narrow spray aimed
directly at the fire
Considerations
Must be applied in the early stage of fire
development or in the decay stage
Can worsen conditions for firefighters and victims
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Water extinguishing methods - Indirect attack
Indirect attack uses medium spray aimed directly
at smoke layer to produce steam which cools and
dilutes the fire gases and smothers the fire
Considerations
Worsens conditions for firefighters and casualties
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Conversion of water to steam
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Hose stream tactics Direct attack (External)
an aggressive approach
to firefighting used when
seat of fire is accessible
water is applied to the
seat of the fire for
maximum penetration
Break up FUEL and
remove HEAT.
Firefighting strategies
Hose stream tactics Direct attack (External)
an aggressive approach to
firefighting used when:
Where a structure is
alight an external attack
offers greater safety to
firefighters.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 102
Firefighting strategies
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Hose stream tactics - Indirect attack (External)
medium stream is
directed through an
outside opening into the
superheated gas layer
water absorbs heat
from the fire and turns
to steam, cooling the
fire.
Smoke and other products
of combustion forced out after several minutes
the interior atmosphere
any available opening
will be mostly steam.
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Firefighting strategies
Hose stream tactics - Combination attack
(External)
medium stream vigorously
rotated using a circular
motion
stream strikes ceiling,
Ancillary operations
Ancillary operations may include:
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Overhand knot
Figure-of-eight knot
Reef knot
Sheet bend
Double sheet bend
Clove hitch
Timber hitch
Bowline
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 108
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 109
Session 5:
Fire suppression strategies
and tactics for structure fires
Session 6:
Session 6 objectives
Be able to:
Describe the methods used to ventilate
structures
Recognise potential risks to firefighters
associated with ventilating burning structures.
Describe actions taken by firefighters during
salvage and overhaul operations
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Content outline
Content covered in this session:
Ventilation
Purpose of ventilation
Benefits of effective ventilation
Methods of ventilation and their potential risks
Precautions taken to reduce risks
Salvage operations
Overhaul operations
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Ventilation is carried out to:
Remove smoke,
Remove heat and gases from a structure;
Replace them with cooler and cleaner air.
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Effective ventilation will:
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Ventilation methods include:
Natural ventilation:
Mechanical ventilation:
Extraction (fan),
Positive pressure (fan),
Hydraulic ventilation:
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Natural ventilation
Horizontal cross ventilation (via windows and
doors) showing the correct method:
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Natural ventilation
Vertical ventilation considerations:
Effect on fire as a result
of ventilating vertically
Is damage resulting from
ventilation warranted
Can ventilation be
completed successfully
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Mechanical ventilation
Negative pressure unit;
Fan or extractor
Smoke drawn through
fan to the outside
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Hydraulic ventilation
Hose stream (steam or venturi) considerations:
For residual light smoke
and heat where there is
no remaining fire.
Fog stream will move
large volumes of smoke
and gases
Self contained breathing
apparatus should be
worn.
Line of retreat, protected
with charged hoselines.
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 119
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Precautions when ventilating:
Avoid unnecessary damage
Do not expose areas not involved unless
adequate protection in place
Do not prevent or impede egress from the
structure
Only use mechanical ventilation in the overhaul
phase
Line of retreat should always be protected with
charged hoselines
BA to be worn when entering toxic or oxygen
deficient atmosphere
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 120
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Ventilation
Precautions when ventilating:
Work in pairs when ventilating large areas:
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Salvage
Salvage operations are:
actions taken during and immediately after the
fire to minimise the damage caused by
firefighting operations
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
protecting exposures
minimising damage when forcing entry
using water efficiently and effectively
replacing any damaged or leaking hose quickly
using lines to haul hose up the outside of
structures instead of taking them up stairs
redirecting run off away from furniture and stock
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Overhaul
Overhaul operations are:
actions taken to extinguish hidden pockets of fire
and to cool hot spots
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 126
Session 6:
Ventilation Salvage
and overhaul
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Session 7 objectives
Be able to:
Identify the classes of fire and their fire
behaviour
Select appropriate extinguishing mediums for
each class of fire
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Content outline
Content covered includes:
Classes of fire
Extinguishing mediums
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Classes of fire
Class A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class E
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 130
Class F
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Classes of fire
Six classes (AS 2444-1995) categorised by type
of material burning :
Class A Carbonaceous
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Extinguishing mediums
Extinguishing mediums include:
Water (Class A)
Foams (Class A and Class B)
Powders (Class B and Classes A and C)
Carbon dioxide (Class A and B)
Vaporising liquids (Class A, B, C and E)
Wet chemical (Class A and F)
Dry sand and earth (Class A, B, C, D and E)
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Extinguishing mediums
Foams:
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Extinguishing mediums
Foam applications
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Extinguishing mediums
Applying foam
Rain down - foam allowed to
fall gently onto fuel
Banking - foam is allowed to
run off another object
Bounce and roll - foam is laid in
front of the fuel and allowed to
flow over the fire
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 135
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 136
Session 7:
Classes of fire
and extinguishing mediums
Session 8:
Fire extinguishers
Session 7 Objectives
Be able to:
Select portable fire extinguisher appropriate to
Class of fire
Operate selected extinguisher and apply
contents effectively when attacking the fire
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Content outline
Content covered includes:
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
extinguishing medium
contained in a
cylinder;
each cylinder has:
a carry handle,
valve assembly,
pull pin, safety
catch or anti taper
seal;
pressure indicator
gauge.
Portable extinguisher
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Water
Class A fires only
Pressurised air propellant
6 m throw;
45 - 60 sec discharge.
Dangerous on
flammable liquid, oil/fat
or electrical fires.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Powder (ABE)
extinguisher
Monoammonium phosphate
Class A, B, C and E fires only
Inert gas propellant
3 - 4 m throw
8 - 20 sec discharge
Not for use on
Class F cooking
oils and fats
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Powder (BE)
extinguisher
Sodium Bicarbonate
Class B, C, E and F fires only
Inert gas propellant
3 - 4 m throw
8 - 20 sec discharge
Limited effectiveness when
used on Class F cooking
oils and fats.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Foam extinguisher
Red with large blue band;
Water and foam (600ml AFFF
or AR-AFFF)
Class A, B and F fires only
Inert gas propellant
5 m throw;
30 - 60 sec discharge.
Foam extinguisher
Limited effectiveness
when used on Class F
cooking oils and fats.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
CO2 Extinguisher
Red with large black band
CO2 extinguisher
Carbon dioxide
Class E, A, B, C and F fires only
Pressurised CO2 propellant
1 2 m throw
8 15 sec discharge
Limited effectiveness when
used on Class A, B, C or F
fires.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Wet chemical
extinguisher
Liquid suppressant
Class F and A fires only
Nitrogen or Air propellant
5 m throw
90 sec discharge
If contact with skin or
clothing, irrigate the area
with large amounts of water.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Vaporising liquid
extinguisher
Liquid suppressant
Class A, B, C and E fires only
Nitrogen or Air propellant
3 m throw
9 - 10 sec discharge
Limited effectiveness when
used on Class B and C fires.
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Powder Powder
(ABE)
(BE)
Foam
CO2
Wet
Chemical
Vaporising
liquid
Portable fire
extinguisher
guide
Class A
yes
yes
no
yes
limited
yes
yes
Class B
no
yes
yes
yes
limited
no
limited
Class C
no
yes
yes
no
limited
no
limited
Class D
no
special
special
no
no
no
no
Class E
no
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
Class F
no
no
limited
limited
limited
yes
no
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher
classification and rating
Numbers, letters and pictographs placed on
extinguishers identify:
Size fire it can deal with
Classes of fire it can be used on
Whether extinguishing agent is electrically
conductive.
Solids
Liquids Gases
Fats/Oils Electrical
Example of pictographic
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher operation
Using extinguishers:
Check pull pin, anti tamper seal or safety pin is
still in place
Check cylinder is charged
Grasp carry handle and move to the fire
Remove pull pin, anti tamper seal or safety pin
Hold discharge nozzle with one hand
Hold cylinder upright with other hand
Operate actuating mechanism
Direct discharge at base of fire or between any
flammable liquid surface and base of the flames
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 150
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers
Questions
?
Edition 2.0 2007
RIRSF OH 151
Session 7:
Fire Extinguishers