NIJIL JOSEPH MARTIN 2011-27-103

TREE IMPROVEMENT ??
P=G+E
Breeding

Tree Improvement

Silviculture

Source: Zobel and Talbert (1984), Burley (2004)

EVOLUTION OF BREEDING STRATEGIES

PHASE III : RECENT TRENDS

PHASE II : AFTER 1945 PHASE I : UPTO 1945

Source: Burley (2004), Burdon (2008)

WOOD QUALITY
Totality of the attributes of a product which contributes to the satisfaction of needs (Gibson, 1980) Attributes that make the wood valuable for a given end use (Jozsa and Middleton, 1994) Suitability of a given piece of wood for a specific end use (Barbour, 2004)

WOOD QUALITY

UTILIZATION ASPECTS
Source: Raymond (2002), Van Buijtenen (2004), Barbour (2004), Raymond and Apiolaza (2004), Potts et al. (2011)

WOOD UTILIZATION
Composite wood & fuelwood

Pulp & Paper

Solid wood

Basic density Pulp yield / Cellulose content, Lignin content and composition, extractives content, Juvenile wood, Fibre Dimensions

Basic density and gradient Microfibril angle, Shrinkage and collapse, Reaction wood, Juvenile wood, Knot size, decay, Spiral grain and end splits Product properties Strength and stiffness, Dimensional stability, Lack of internal checking, crook and bow

Basic density Lignin content, Extractives content Cellulose content

Product properties Strength and Stiffness Durability Gluability Hardness

Source: Raymond (2002), Raymond and Apiolaza (2004), Potts et al. (2011)

WOOD VARIATION

Between provenances Between trees

Within trees
Source: Zobel and Van Buijtenen (1989)

CROSS SECTION

Softwood

Ring Porous Hardwood

Diffuse Porous Hardwood

GENERAL BREEDING STRATEGY

Source: Zobel and Talbert (1984)

BREEDING STRATEGIES

INTRODUCTION

SELECTION

HYBRIDISATION

Source: Grattapaglia(2007)

Bhadrachalam Clones of Eucalyptus An Achievement of ITC

Source: Kulkarni (2002)

BASIC DENSITY / SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Cell wall thickness
Latewood percentage Cell Size

Specific Gravity
Source: Hagglund (1954), Nylinder and Ericson (1966), Larson (1969a), Olesen (1976), Zobel and Talbert (1984), Bergstedt and Olesen (2000), Van Buijtenen (2004)

BASIC DENSITY / SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Most important trait- wood quality Important target breeding programs Strong genetic control Strong correlations with other properties- mechanical, anatomical, pulp Influences yield and quality of fibrous and solid wood products
Source: Newlin and Wilson (1919), Wilson (1921), Barefoot et al. (1964, 1970), Kollmann & Cote (1968), Einspahr et al. (1969), Van Buijtenen et al. (1969), Panshin and de Zeeuw (1980), Armstrong et al. (1984), Keith (1986), Keith and Kellogg (1986), Zobel and van Buijtenen (1989), Tsoumis (1991), Zhang and Zhong (1991), Zhang (1992), Zhang et al. (1992), Cave & Walker (1994), Zhang (1994a, 1994b), Zobel and Jett (1995), Downes et al., 2002; Sall, 2002

Efficiency of early stage selection for wood density Pinus pinaster

Correlation between ring section- before 16 years & after 16 years Correlation Rousset Hermitage

RD

RW

RD

RW

0.80

0.47

0.74

0.49

0.98

0.71

0.67

0.44

Resistograph Instrument used

Source: Bouffier et al. (2008)

Indirect selection-pilodyn
87% Genetic gain by direct selection

Cryptomeria japonica

Source: Fukatsu et al. (2011)

Within tree variation- density and shrinkage - relationship

Volumetric shrinkage (%) Tangential shrinkage (%)

Wood density (Kg/m3 ) Longitudinal shrinkage (%)

Wood density (Kg/m3 )

Radial shrinkage (%)

Wood density (Kg/m3 )

Wood density (Kg/m3 )

Populus euramericana

Source: Kord et al. (2010)

DENSITY VARIATION
Uniform densiy- excellent carving and turning properties, veneer peeling and slicing X ray densitometry Within ring min density range0.25 to 0.4 Within ring max density range0.6 to 0.9

Source: Jozsa and Middleton (1994)

INTRA RING WOOD DENSITY VARIATION-HYBRID LARCH (Larix gmelinii var. japonica x L.kaempferi) F1

Source: Fujimoto et al. (2008)

GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD DENSITIES AND DEVELOPMENT WITH INCREASING AGE IN SCOTS PINE

Ring number from pith

Source: Fries and Ericsson (2009)

MICROFIBRIL ANGLE

RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PROPERTIES

Growth stress Density

Pulp & paper properties

Stiffness

MFA Shrinkage Source: Donaldson (2008)

RADIAL TREND OF MFA WITH AGE

Source: Auty et al. (2012)

Within-tree variation in microfibril angle in poplar clones

Source: Fang (2006)

D-C

MFA-C

MFA-KL

MFA-D

Correlation between traits Eucalyptus urophylla

Source: Hein et al. (2012)

SHRINKAGE- IMPORTANCE IN BREEDING

Acacia auriculiformis - Vietnam
Correlations Total Shrinkage vs. Partial Shrinkage T vs. Tn R vs. Rn L vs. Ln VoS vs. VoSn Thw vs. Tsw Rhw vs. Rsw Lhw vs. Lsw 0.94 0.82 0.57 0.94 0.87 0.95 0.91 Hai et al. (2009) rG

Heartwood shrinkage vs. Sapwood shrinkage

JUVENILE WOOD
Varies from 5 to 20 growth rings in size- species relateddemarcation boundary diffuse Poorer properties than mature wood More severe in softwoods More reaction wood , higher lignin, lower cellulose Fast grown higher proportion

Formed by immature cambium

Source: Burdon et al. (1992), Cown (1992), Kumar and Lee (2002), Megraw et al. (1999), Zobel and Sprague (1998), Tutty (1981), Clark et al. (2006), Li et al. (2011 b), Wu et al. (2007), Thomas (1985)

JUVENILE WOOD V/S MATURE WOOD

Source: Walker and Butterfield (1995)

Source: Barbour (2004)

PULP PROPERTIES
Pulp yields lower dry weight basis Higher costs for pulping Pulp properties
Higher Tensile strength Sheet smoothness Burst strength Fold endurance
Lower Tear strength Opacity

Source: Zobel and Blair (1976) , Thomas (1985)

GENETIC CONTROL OF THE TIME OF TRANSITION FROM JUVENILE TO MATURE WOOD IN PINUS RADIATA D. DON
Source: Gapare et al. (2006 )

CELL DIMENSIONS
Cell length- strong genetic control (Wheeler et al., 1965) Fibre length- juvenility- shortest near pith- increases radially outwardsshorter along with high MFA(Tsoumis, 1991) Pulp and paper- fibre morphology (Paavilainen, 1993; Seth et al., 1997; Niskanen, 1998) Long and slender fibres- most of paper products (Fries, 2012) Early wood fibres- long & slender, late wood fibres- short and thick walled- fine paper (Zobel & Jett, 1995; Finell, 2003; Watson & Bradley, 2009) Fibre length- strong G & P corr.- juvenile and mature wood (Hannrup and Ekberg, 1998; Fries et al., 2003)

CELL DIMENSIONS
Vessel elements major effect on paper properties (Colley, 1973; Colley & Word, 1976; Ogata, 1978; Malan et al., 1994; Ona et al., 2001) and penetration of pulping liquors (Hillis, 1969)

Shorter vessel element & longer fibrepulp (Ona et al., 2001; Colley, 1975)
Rays figure-size & distribution of cells (Rydholm, 1965)

FIBRE CHARACTERS
Category Type of fibre Hardwoods

Source: www.paperonline.com Softwoods

Short
Average length of fibres

Long

1mm
Features

3mm Providing additional strength. Also suitable for writing and printing

Achieving bulk, smoothness, opacity

Typical products

Writing papers, printing papers, tissue papers

Shipping containers, grocery bags, corrugated boxes

Source: Jozsa and Middleton (1994)

No. of Fibres in each length class

Heritability Pinus sylvestris- Progeny trialSweden

Fibre width 0.49 Fibre length 0.23 Wood density 0.34 Fries (2012)

Development & variation of wood density, kraft pulp yield and fibre dimensions in young Norway spruce

Molteberg & Hoibo (2006)

WITHIN TREE VARIATION IN FIBRE LENGTH

Ohshima et al. (2011)

WITHIN TREE VARIATION IN VESSEL LENGTH

Ohshima et al. (2011)

Paraserianthes falcataria

Ishiguri et al. (2007)

CELL CHEMISTRY
SOFTWOODS

HARDWOODS

29%
43%

21%

45%

34% 28%
Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin

CELL CHEMISTRY- EFFECT ON PROPERTIES

Lignin more- crushing strength & brittleness increases, tension strength , resistance to rupture and shock decreases (Hildebrandt, 1960) Gummosis- Eucalyptus- bleaching and pulpingdifficult (Scurfield et al., 1974) Resin formation product quality (Plumptre, 1983)

Within tree variability of lignin composition - Populus

Sykes et al. (2008)

Heritability trends in relation with age

Density

Microfibril

MOE

Efficiency of early selection Pinus radiata

Source: Wu et al. (2007)

Pinus radiata
Wu et al. (2008)

Source: Raymond (2002)

Source: Hamilton et al. (2010)

CONCLUSION
More studies required- tropical hardwoods- wood variations Correlation studies- Objective and Selection traits Index selection- economic weightage to traits Studies- models- predict changes quality traits with development Cost effective biotechnological tools- genetics of wood characters Indirect selection scope for non destructive techniquescountries like India Tree improvement will be successful- proper silvicultural practices

We cant use wood with intelligence unless we understand it