INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

UNIT-3

CONTENT
Individual Behaviour Introduction, Personal Factors, Biographic Characteristics, Learned Characteristics, Environmental Factors, Organizational Factors. Behaviour Modification Introduction, Meaning and definition, Steps, Utilities and Criticism.

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
Individual

behaviour is a combination of response to external & internal stimuli. According to psychologist Kurt Levin individuals are influenced by a number of diversified factors both genetic & environmental. Individual behavior explains why Individual behaves and reacts in response to different situation.

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
Companies who are looking for employees look for individual characteristics that will improve the chances of success Individual differences exist Biographical characteristics Abilities Personality Perception Attitudes Emotions Moods Each interacts with the other and with the task to impact the way the employee does the job.

CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

1. 2.

Inherited Characteristics Learned Characteristics

1.
1.

INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: - relate to height, slim body, and vision and stamina manual dexterity results in quality, performance in such jobs that require artistic skills. 2. AGE:- the age may influence the behavior of an individual in a physiological as well as psychological ways. 3. INTELLIGENCE:-Some people are born Intelligent However intelligent can be enhanced with efforts, hard work proper environment and motivation. 4. RELIGION:-It play important role in determining the behavior. High religious people have high moral standards. They strive for achievement and self fulfillment.

2. LEARNED CHARACTERISTICS
PERCEPTION: - Is a process by which individuals organize and interpret there sensory impression in order to give meaning to their environment. It refers to the manner in which a person experiences the world. PERSONALITY: - It is a set of traits and characteristics, habit patterns and conditioned responses to certain stimuli that formulate the impression upon others. It indicates the type of activities, jobs and assignment suitable to a particular person which will enable him to perform that task affectively.

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ATTITUDES: - It may be defined as the way a person fells about something- a person, a place, a commodity, a situation or an idea. It addresses an individuals positive or negative feeling about some object. VALUES: - Values are important in relation to study of organizational behavior. Because an organization is a composite of attitude, perceptions, personalities and individual behavior of managers as well as workers. Values determine what is right and what is wrong. The values behavior pattern.

FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

ENVIROMENTAL FACTORS: It includes such variables as ECONOMIC FACTORS- the economic environment is an important determinant of individual behavior all work is performed with in economic framework . The concept of economic environment is a synthesis of several factors like employment level, wage rate, economic outlook and technological change rate. People work for money but not only for money. However wages satisfied various needs of individuals.

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POLITICAL FACTORS- the stability of government can affect the employment opportunities both in quantity and quality. Management structures and philosophies in controlled societies have a significant impact on decision, strategies and methods of implementation available to managers. The relative freedom available can affect carrier choice, job design, motivation methods and finally individual behavior

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SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS: people grow up in a particular society that shape their basic values, beliefs and behavior. Cultural vary from country to country and these variation produce different behavior across the country. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT: rules and laws are formalized ad written standards of behavior both rules and laws is strictly enforced by the legal system. Laws relate to all members of society observing laws voluntarily allow predictability of individual behavior.

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ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS: the characteristics of an organization are also affects human behavior. PHYSICAL FACILITIES: The physical facilities such as ventilation ,proper lighting , painting on wall, proper space for employee and like that put impact on employee behavior and performance..Hence physical environment at work place may be said to be the arrangement of people and thinks in such a manner. So that they may have a positive impact on interpersonal behavior

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ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURES AND DESIGNS- It refers to the way in different departments in organizations are set up and the way in which the emoting relationship and lines of communication are established among different departments in the organizations. REWARD SYSTEM:-Organization establishes reward system to compensate the employees. The behavior of an employee influenced by reward system of an organization.

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QUALITY OF LEADERSHIP-The organizational establish a system of leadership and supervision to pride direction assistance, advice, training, to individual members. The behavior of a leader is therefore a potential source of influence on an individual. In other words the behavior of individual by a large extent influenced by their leaders.

BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Behavior modification is the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors, such as altering an individual's behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of behavior through its extinction, punishment and/or satiation. It is the approach used by behavioral psychologists to modify behaviour.

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Behavior Modification is the use of basic learning techniques, such as conditioning, biofeedback, reinforcement, or aversion therapy, to alter human behavior.

STEPS TO BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION

1. Pre-contemplative/unaware 2. Contemplative 3. Preparing 4. Action/trying 5. Maintaining 6. Termination/advocacy/transcendence

1. PRE-CONTEMPLATIVE/UNAWARE

In this stage, people are not interested in change, cant see the need to change and have no intention of doing anything differently. They defend their current behaviour and are not aware that their life could be better. This group does not see falls as a real issue for them. This group tends to avoid information, discussion or even thought about change and the need for it. Some observers would characterize this group as resistant, unmotivated, or in denial and not focused on the need to change or the actual change itself.

2. CONTEMPLATIVE

In this stage, people start to think about the issue and the possible need to make some changes. They recognize that there is a problem and that they can and should do something to make their lives better. There may have been a trigger event like an older person who is a friend or neighbor having had a bad fall or there may be some other form of prompt that starts the process of considering change. For example, people could be motivated to get their eyes checked or have a medication review. At this stage, people are very open to information and scour sources for options and strategies.

3. PREPARING

A change is about to happen. The person concerned has realized how serious their situation is, has made a decision or a commitment to change and is currently completing any pre-change steps with a view to making the required change within the next month. An example would be finding out details of local physical activity classes and working out which public transport option to use. This stage is also an information gathering period. This stage is typified by determination, making plans, introspection about the decision to change as well as a reaffirmation of the need and desire to change. This is typically a period of transition. It is not seen as a stable time and is usually quite short

4. ACTION/TRYING

This stage applies to those people who have made real and overt changes or modifications to their lives and are starting to live their new life. While the chances of relapse and temptation are very strong, there is also openness to receiving help and support. This stage is the willpower stage and short-term rewards to sustain motivation are commonly used. This group is also prone to analyze any behaviour changes to enhance their self confidence and to help make better plans to deal with either personal or external pressures. Usually, after about six months, the person moves from the action stage to the maintenance stage

5. MAINTAINING

By this stage, people are working to consolidate any changes in their behaviour, to maintain the new status quo and to prevent relapse or temptation. The former behaviour is now seen as no longer desirable and a number of coping strategies have been put in place and are working. This group needs to be patient and avoid personal and environmental temptations. There is a need for them to remind themselves of the progress that has been made already and to stay on the course of change. The risk of lapsing is substantially less than in earlier stages

6. TERMINATION

This new stage is the continuing part of any behaviour change and includes the understanding that going back to old habits or behaviors would feel weird and that former problem behaviors' are no longer perceived as desirable. This plays an important part in helping move other people along the behaviour change path and needs to be encouraged and supported. During this stage, relapse can occur, but it is not seen as a failure but rather as a learning opportunity to help strengthen coping strategies and support mechanisms

STRATEGIES TO MODIFY BEHAVIOUR

1. Positive Reinforcement: This is applied where there is a need to promote desirable behaviour. You want to encourage a student to keep tidy books. You observe the target behaviour, and reward it with praise or a prize. 2. Extinction or Ignore Technique: This is applied when an individuals behaviour (usually selfdefeating), is best eliminated. The undesired behaviour is simply ignored rather than punished or reinforced.

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3. The Punishment Technique: This is used when it becomes necessary to apply an aversion stimulus to correct undesirable behaviour. 4. Systematic Desensitization Technique: This technique is effective when dealing with anxiety and other fear-related problems. The individual is given small doses of what is feared until a relaxed response is built up. 5. The Time-out Technique: Time-out is used to control the occurrence of undesirable behaviour in pupils by the withdrawal of privileges in the event of the occurrence of undesirable behaviour.

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6. The Technique of Negative Reinforcement: Negative reinforcement is used to encourage the occurrence of desirable behaviour by removing obstacles against recurrence. 7. Assertiveness Training: Assertiveness training is used to help pupils control excessive shyness, and other fear-related problems, that impede their ability to live fully.

CRITICISM
It

is not a quick fix. It is difficult. It requires the subject to be honest and take responsibility for their treatment. It does not work if the subject is unwilling. It removes the concept of individuality.