Microprocessor 1

Dr.Raed Al-qadi
2009 for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Instruction set for 8088/8086 microprocessors

1- Data transfer instructions. 2-ALU instructions. 3-Shift and rotate instructions. 4-Program control and subroutines instructions. 5-Miscallenous instructions.

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Data transfer instructions.

In 8088/8086 the data transfer or data movement instructions are : 1) MOV 2) IN/OUT 3) LEA 4) MOV OFFSET 5) XLAT 6) PUSH and POP 7) String instructions We are going to investigate these instructions in details.

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

MOV
MOV instrucion has the following syntax: MOV dst,src ; just clone the src into the dst The following criteria's should be applied whereever MOV is used : 1- dst and src must be the same size. 2- dst must NOT be immediate value. 3- dst and src cant be segment registers at the same time. 4- dst and src cant be memory at the same time except with MOVS instruction ( discussed later).
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 1 :
*Knowing that, DS=2042H. AH SI=500H, 21 AX=214E, MOV [SI],AX ;

AL 4E 21 4E 20921H 20920H

SI=500

DS=2042H
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

DS=20420H

Dos and Don'ts

Some special cases : Case 1 : MOV CS,anything; DONT ( if you transfer to CS problems occur since CS contains the program code) Case 2 : MOV Segment, anything ; DO if anything does not equal segment register Case 3 : MOV segment,segemnt; DO NOT Case 4: MOV mem,mem; DON'T, memory to memory is not allowed except with MOVS
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

IN/OUT
These two instructions are used to read from and to a device. IN instruction syntax: IN AL,port address; (port <=255) AL or AX can be used only. Or IN AL,DX; only DX can be used here
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

IN is used to read from input device in separate I/O mode. Example 2: IN AL,KEYBOARD; true But, ADD AL,KEYBOARD; false IN AL,60H; true, means read from Device at address 60H

FFFF

I/O addresses 64Kbyte KEYBOARD 0000

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 3 :
The serial port is at 03F8H(>255), read a byte from the serial port.
FFFF

Since 03F8H>255 MOV DX,03F8H IN AL,DX

DX=03F8H AL=data

03F8H

data I/O addresses 64Kbyte

0000
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 4 :
Define the DISPLAY device at 2430H and read a byte from it. FFFF DISPLAY EQU 2430H MOV DX,DISPLAY I/O addresses IN AL,DX
64Kbyte 2430 DX=03F8H AL=data 0000
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

DISPLAY

OUT instruction
Syntax: OUT port address, AL; can be AX or AL OUT DX,AL ; Just holds for DX Example 5: Send char A to the printer at 03A0H. MOV DX,03A0H MOV AL,A OUT DX,AL
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

LEA
LEA stands for load effective address, it loads a 16 bit register with the offset address of the data specified by the operand. Syntax : LEA dst,src; dst stores the address of src
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 6:
Fill the array AR1 with * .org 300 SI=add(AR1) .data AR1 DB 20 DUP(?) LEA SI,AR1 MOV CX,20; LP : MOV [SI],* INC SI LOOP LP
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

AR1

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

Cx=20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

MOV OFFSET
The same as LEA , Syntax : MOV dst,OFFSET src; store the address of src into dst.

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

XLAT
XLAT called translate instruction, the operation of XLAT is changing the value of AL with the memory pointed to by (AL+BX)
AL Mem[AL+BX] dddd+mmmm AL=dddd BX=mmmm AL=data data

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

More clearly the XLAT instruction converts the content of register AL, using a table. Its beginning address is contained in register BX. The content of register AL is interpreted as a relative address in the table. XLAT is the only instruction that adds 8 bit number to 16 bit number! XLAT never Affects the flags..

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 7:
Suppose that a seven segment LED display lookup table is stored in memory at address TABLE, now XLAT can use this table to translate the BCD number in AL to a seven segment code also in AL. Let TABLE =1000H,DS=1000H,

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

 First , obtain the look up table.

x 3 x 2 x 1 x a 0 b c d e f g
0 1 3FH 06H

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

0 01 0 10 1 01 1 11 0 00 0 11 1 01 1 11 0 01 0 11

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

11 10 01 11 11 11 11 10 11 11

110 2 5BH 000 3 4FH 101 4 66H 001 5 6DH 011 6 7DH 011 7 27H 111 8 7FH 000 9 6FH 111 for the example slides do not click 0 1the mouse to see the full 1

Next see the code

The code for the operation of converting is very simple using XLAT TABLE DB 3FH,06H,5BH,4FH,66H,6DH,7DH,27H,7FH,6FH MOV AL,SOME_BCD_VALUE MOV BX,OFFSET TABLE XLAT For example take 06H(6 BCD) for the initial value of AL,after translation AL contains 7DH, see the figures in the next slide.

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

TABLE DB 3FH,06H,5BH DB4FH,66H,6DH BX=address (TABLE)=1000H DB 7DH,27H,7FH,6FH MOV AL,06H MOV BX,OFFSET TABLE XLAT
AL=4FH AL=06H

3FH 06H 5BH 4FH 66H 6DH 7DH 27H

Temp=AL+BX=1006H AL=memory [temp] AL=4FH, which is the seven segment code of 06H

7FH 6FH

DS

TABLE

1000H

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 8:
Write code to read the input key from port (60H) and output the value to a 7-segemnt display at 80H.
KEYS EQU 60H; DISPLAY EQU 80H; TABLE DB3FH,06H,5BH,4FH,66H,6DH,7DH,27H,7FH,6FH LEA BX,TABLE; IN AL,KEYS; XLAT OUT DISPLAY,AL
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Stack instructions PUSH and POP

Both are important to store and retrieve data from the LIFO structure (stack), PUSH instruction : In 8088 and 8086 PUSH always transfer 2 bytes of data to the stack. It has the following syntax : PUSH src; src could be any 2 byte register or memory location or immediate value
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

How does PUSH executes?

Simply when we push 2 bytes of data to the stack, the most significant byte is stored in stack segment pointed to by SP-1, and the least significant to location pointed by SP-2,see the following example, Example 9 : let AX=31F2H,SP=100H,SS=2000H; CX=FFFFH ,BX=413AH
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

 PUSH AX
SP=100 SP=FE

F2
31

AX
31 F2

for the example slides do not click SS=2000H the mouse to see the full

Example 10:
Assume SP=100H,SS=2000H AX=31F2H,BX=413AH,CX=FFFFH. We will see the changes in the stack after executing the following sentences : PUSH AX PUSH BX POP CX POP AX
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

PUSH AX PUSH BX POP CX

CH

CL

41FF

FF 3A

SP=100H SP=FEH SP=FCH 31 F2 41 3A

AH 31

AL F2

SS=2000H

BH

BL

41

3A
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 11:
Write code to reverse string using stack operations. STR DB HELLO,00H ; REVSTR DB 256 DUP(?) MOV CX,0; count number of bytes LEA SI,STR; LEA DI,REVSTR
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

NEXT-CHAR : MOV AL,[SI] CMP AL,00 JE NEXT PUSH AX ;only care about AL INC CX; JMP NEXT-CHAR
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

NEXT: CMP CX,00; check if cx =0 or the string is null JE DONE-REV POP AX MOV [DI],AL INC DI DEC CX; JMP NEXT DONE-REV: MOV [DI],00; to terminate with null
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

String Instructions
String instructions

MOVS

LODS

STOS

MOVSB

MOVSW

LODSB

LODSW

STOSB

STOSW

B stands for byte, and W stands for word

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

MOVS
*MOVSB : how does it execute? Copy byte at DS:[SI] to ES:[DI]. Update SI and DI. Note that MOVS instruction deals with SI in the data segment and DI in the extra segment. The extra segment cant be overridden here).
DS:[SI] - ES:[DI] if DF = 0 then
SI = SI + 1 DI = DI + 1

(DF is D flag)

else
SI = SI - 1 DI = DI - 1
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Using REP instruction with string instructions

MOV CX,100 REP MOVSB How does the above code executes? CLD clears the D flag (D=0) STD sets the Dflag to 1(D=1) IF (Dflag==0) { D=1 we decrement SI,DI D=0 we increment DI,SI Memory[DI]----memory[SI] SI++;DI++; } else(If D flag==1) { SI--; DI -;CX-} for the example slides do not click IF(CX=!=0) repeat the the mouse to see the full wise then next one instruction, other

CLD MOV CX,100 REP MOVSB ; is same as:

MOV CX,100; LP:MOV AL,[SI] MOV ES:[DI],AL INC SI INC DI LOOP LP
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

MOVSW
*MOVSW : how does it execute? Copy word at DS:[SI] to ES:[DI]. Update SI and DI. The same as MOVSB except we move a word not abyte, see what happens to SI and DI. DS:[SI] - ES:[DI]
if DF = 0 then
SI = SI + 2 DI = DI + 2

else
SI = SI - 2 DI = DI - 2
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 12:
Copy 1000 bytes from location STR1 to STR2,Both are in data segment. STR2 LEA SI,STR1 SI=add(str1) LEA DI, STR2 DI=add(str2 MOV AX,DS AX=DS MOV ES,AX ES=AX=DS MOV CX,1000; Load CX with 1000 CLD Dflag=0 STR1 REP MOVSB
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

1000 bytes

1000 bytes

DS ES

Example 13:
Copy 500 words from physical address 0800:200 to physical address 4000:0300,use string instructions.
0800 is the segment address and the 200 is the offset by contrast 4000 is the segment address and 0300 is its offset

So, we begin by assigning the segments addresses to DS and ES and the offsets to SI and DI for the example slides do not click
the mouse to see the full

MOV DS,0800H MOV ES,4000H MOV SI,0200H MOV DI,0300H D=0 CLD MOV CX,500 REP MOVSW

1000 bytes DI=300

ES=4000H

D A T A
1000 bytes

SI=200
DS=0800H

for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

STOSB and STOSW

For STOSB Store byte in AL into ES:[DI]. Update DI. For STOSW Store word in AX into ES:[DI]. Update DI. How STOSB executes? ES:[DI] = AL if DF = 0 then
DI = DI + 1

else
DI = DI - 1 And STOSW executes the same as STOSB but DI is incremented or decremented by 2
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

LODSB and LODSW

For LODSB this is how it is done AL = DS:[SI] if D = 0 then
SI = SI + 1

else
SI = SI 1 And LODSW is the same except that SI is changed by 2
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Example 14:
Write program to clear DOS-screen. MOV ES,E000; E000:800 is not the real address of video memory but here is just to illustrate the idea MOV DI,800 CLD MOV CX,25*80; since the screen is 25*80 characters and it is done by assembler MOV AX,0020H; 00 for color and 20H for space REP STOSW
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

The old screen is character screen,and the characters that appear on it are stored in the video memory location,for each character 2 bytes are used one for the ASCCI and the other for the color

COLOR CHAR 00 20H

Black space H E L L O
HELLO
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

Review of data movement instructions

MOV operand1,operand2 Copy operand2 to operand1 The MOV instruction cannot: set the value of the CS and IP registers. copy value of one segment register to another segment register (should copy to general register first). copy immediate value to segment register (should copy to general register first). Transfer instructions never affect the flags
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

 LEA and MOV OFFSET do the same operation, they load the address of one memory location to a register. XLAT copies the memory location addressed by [AL+BX] to AL. PUSH and POP are used to store and to read from the stack, both cant deal with 8 bits register, just use 16 bits.
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full

 String instructions are : MOVSB,MOVSW,STOSB,STOSW,LODS B,LODSW. The are used for moving or stroing or loading a whole byte or a whole word at a time, they shrink the code to minimal size at most problems Only MOVS can move data from memory to memory locations
for the example slides do not click the mouse to see the full