Rig

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING 411
Lesson 2A

Drilling Systems

Drilling Rigs

Drilling a Well
Slide 2 of 52 2A. Rigs, Drilling a Well PETE 411 Well Drilling
Homework
Read ADE to p. 21

Learn the Definitions in Lesson 2B

ADE # 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (on the internet)
due Monday, September 3, 2001
Drilling Team
Drilling Rigs
Rig Power System
Hoisting System
Circulating System . . .
Rotary Drilling
CHAPTER 1 (ADE)
The Rotary System
The Well Control System
Well-Monitoring System
Special Marine Equipment
Drilling Cost Analysis

Examples
Rotary Drilling - contd
U.S. Rig Count, 1997-2001
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
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1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, August 27, 2000
From the Houston Chronicle, Sunday, August 26, 2001
Noble
Drillings
Cecil
Forbes

A Jack-
Up Rig
Sonats
George
Washington
A Semi-
Submersible
Rig
Zapatas
Trader

A
Drillship
Deep Water Development Options
SUBSEA
COMPLETIONS
FIXED
PLATFORMS
COMPLIANT
TOWERS
FLOATING
PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
TENSION
LEG
PLATFORMS
TENSION LEG PLATFORM
Shells
Auger

Tension
Leg
Platform
Shells
Bullwinkle

Worlds tallest
offshore
structure

1,353 water
depth

Production
began in 1989
45,000 b/d
80MM scf/d
BOP STACK
GUIDE BASE
MUDLINE
MARINE
RISER
GUIDE LINES
SLIP JOINT
To TENSIONERS
Fig. 1.3 - Typical drilling rig organization
Fig. 1.4

The
rotary
drilling
process
Fig. 1.5

Classification
of rotary
drilling rigs
Fig. 1.13
Engine
power
output
P = F
.
V
Power = Force * Velocity
TABLE 1.1 - HEATING VALUE
OF VARIOUS FUELS
Fuel
Type
Density
(lbm/gal)
Heating Value
(Btu/lbm)
diesel
gasoline
butane
methane
7.2
6.6
4.7
---
19,000
20,000
21,000
24,000
Example 1.1. A diesel engine gives an output
torque of 1,740 ft-lbf at an engine speed of 1,200
rpm. If the fuel consumption rate was 31.5 gal/hr,
what is the output power and overall efficiency of
the engine?

Solution: The angular velocity, e , is given by

e = 2t (1,200) = 7,539.8 rad/min.)

The power output can be computed using Eq.1.1

( )
hp 5 . 397
/hp lbf/min - ft 33,000
lbf/min - ft (1,740) 7,539.8
T P = = =e
Since the fuel type is diesel, the density is 7.2
lbm/gal and the heating value H is 19,000
Btu/lbm (Table 1.1). Thus, the fuel consumption
rate w
f
is:

w
f
= 3.78 lbm/min.

The total heat energy consumed by the engine is
given by Eq. 1.2:

|
.
|
\
|
=
minutes 60
hour 1
lbm/gal) (7.2 gal/hr 31.5 w
f
Q
i
= w
f
H

Thus, the overall efficiency of the engine at 1,200
rpm given by Eq. 1.3 is

( ) ( )
lbf/min/hp - ft 33,000
lbf/Btu - ft 779 lbm 19,000Btu/ lbm/min 3.78
=
i
Q
Efficiency = (Power Out / Power in)
23.4% or 0.234
1695.4
397.5
= = =
i
t
Q
P
E
Drilling a Well
Steps in Drilling a Well
Duties of Drilling Engineer
Making a Connection
Making a Trip
Rig Selection Criteria
Derrick Loading
Definitions (Lesson 2B) (separate)
Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well
1. Complete or obtain seismic, log,
scouting information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best
data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout,
proceed with well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/
national authority.
Steps to Drill a Well - contd
6. Prepare drilling and completion
program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or
combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8. If necessary, modify program to fit
selected contractor equipment.
9. Construct road, location/platforms and
other marine equipment necessary for
access to site.
10. Gather all personnel concerned for
meeting prior to commencing drilling
(pre-spud meeting)
11. If necessary, further modify program.
12. Drill well.

13. Move off contractor if workover unit is
to complete the well.
14. Complete well.
15. Install surface facilities.
16. Analysis of operations with concerned
personnel.

Drilling Operations
Field Engineers, Drilling Foremen

A. Well planning prior to SPUD
B. Monitor drilling operations
C. After drilling, review drilling results and
recommend future improvements
- prepare report.
D. General duties.
What are the well requirements?
Objectives, safety, cost
Making
a
Connection
Making
a
Trip
Making a mouse hole connection
Making a mouse hole connection - contd
Single
Added.
Ready to
Drill
Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole
Stabbing
the Pipe
Use
Elevators
for
tripping
Making a trip
Put Kelly in
Rathole
Why
trip?
Making a trip - contd
Tripping
one stand
at a time

60-90 ft
Criteria for determining
depth limitation
Derrick
Drawworks
Mud Pumps
Drillstring
Mud System
Blowout Preventer
Power Plant
T W
FIG 1-1 Simple Pulley System
T = W

L
D
= 2W (no friction in sheave)
T

W
W W
2W
W = 4 T T = W/4
L
D
= 6 T = 6 W/4
W
n
2 n
L
D
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
n = number
of lines
W = weight
(hook load)
L
D
= load
on derrick
Assuming no friction
FIG 1-2 Block and Tackle System
Example 1.1
(no friction)
The total weight of 9,000 ft of 9 5/8-inch
casing for a deep well is determined to be
400,000 lbs. Since this will be the heaviest
casing string run, the maximum mast load
must be calculated. Assuming that 10
lines run between the crown and the
traveling blocks and neglecting buoyancy
effects, calculate the maximum load.
Solution:
The tension, T, will be distributed equally
between the 10 lines. Therefore,
T = 400,000/10 = 40,000 lbf
The tension in the fast line and dead line
will also be 40,000 lbf, so the total load is
40,000 X 12 = 480,000 lbf
Solution, cont.
Example 1.1 demonstrates two additional
points.

1. The marginal decrease in mast load
decreases with additional lines.

2. The total mast load is always
greater than the load being lifted.
A Rotary Rig
Hoisting System
Projection of
Drilling Lines
on Rig Floor
TOTAL
Load on Derrick
(considering friction in sheaves)
Derrick Load = Hook Load
+ Fast Line Load
+ Dead Line Load

F
d
= W + F
f
+ F
s

(
F W
W
En
W
n
E En
En
W
d
= + +
+ +
|
\
|
.
| =
1
E = overall efficiency, e.g., E = e
n
= 0.98
n

Example 1.2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The
drawworks can provide an input power to the
block and tackle system as high as 500 hp.
Eight lines are strung between the crown block
and traveling block. Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line
when upward motion is impending,
2. the maximum hook horsepower
available,
Example 1.2, cont.
3. the maximum hoisting speed,
4. the actual derrick load,
5. the maximum equivalent derrick load,
and,
6. the derrick efficiency factor.

Assume that the rig floor is arranged as
shown in Fig. 1.17.
Solution
1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given
as 0.841 in Table 1.2. The tension in the
fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.

lb
n E
W
F 590 , 44
8 * 841 . 0
000 , 300
= = =
( 0.98
8
= 0.851 )
Solution
2. The maximum hook horsepower
available is

P
h
= E-p
i
= 0.841(500) = 420.5 hp.
---
Solution
3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by

v
P
W
b
h
=
=
|
\
|
.
|

hp
ft - lbf / min
hp
300,000 lbf
= 46.3 ft / min
420 5
33 000
.
,
Solution to 3., cont.
To pull a 90-ft stand would require

t
90
1 9
ft
46.3 ft / min
. min.
Solution
4. The actual derrick load is given by
Eq.1.8b:
F
E En
En
W
d
=
+ +
|
\
|
.
|
|
\
|
.
|
1
=
1+0.841+0.841(8)
0.841(8)
(300,000)
= 382,090 lbf.
Solution
5. The maximum equivalent load is given
by Eq.1.9:
lbf F
W
n
n
F
de
de
000 , 450
000 , 300 *
8
4 8 4
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
Solution
6. The derrick efficiency factor is:
000 , 450
090 , 382
F
F
E
de
d
d
= =
84.9% or 849 . 0 E
d
=

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