Submitted by: Ganesh U.

Patil MBA-IABMI AAU, AANAD

2/5/2013

Maize

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Flow of Presentation
Basic Information Regarding Maize.

Indian Scenario.
Soil & Climatic Requirement. Growth Stages Of Maize. Varieties. Time Of Sowing. Management Practice For Maize. Harvesting.

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Basic Information
Local name :- Makka Botanical Name:- Zea mays Familly:- Gramineae

Origin: - Mexico and Central America.

Queen of Cereals :- Maize is one of the important cereal crops in the world's agricultural economy both as food for men and feed for animals, because of its higher yield potential compared to other cereal it is called as Queen of Cereals.

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Classification of Maize
1. Flint Corn: Zea mays indurata : High proportion of starch. Colour may be white or yellow. This is the type mostly grown in India. 2. Pop Corn: Z. mays averta Kernel size is small. Presence of hard and corneous endosperm. 3. Sweet Corn: Z. mays saccharata The sugar and starch make the major component of the endosperm that results in sweet taste of kernels. 4. Flour Corn: Z. mays amylaceae It resembles to the flint corn in appearance and ear characteristics. The grains are composed of soft starch and have little or no dent are called as Soft Corn. It is widely grown in USA and South Africa. 5. Waxy Corn: Z. mays cerabina Starch is similar to that of Tapioca starch for making adhesive for articles.
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Economic Importance and their uses

Most important cereal crops in the worlds agricultural economy. Several food dishes viz Chapatti are prepared from maize flour. Green cobs are roasted and eaten by the people. Popcorn is used for popped form; green cob for table purpose. Corn has low fibre content, more carbohydrate and most Widely used in preparation of cattle feed and poultry feed. It can be used as green fodder It has no HCN content. Can be preserved as silage. Food product: Corn meal, Corn flakes. 85% is consumed as human food.

palatable.

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Nutritional factors in maize

Protein-10% Carbohydrates- 70% Oil-4% Albuminoides- 10.4% Crude fibre-2.3% Maize grain has significant quantity of vitamin A, nicotinic acid, riboflavin and vitamin E. Maize is low in Calcium, but fairly high in P.

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Scenario of Maize
Global:- Maize growing
USA > China > Brazil > Mexico > India. USA ranks 1st in area, production and productivity.

India: Area: 130 m.ha. Production: 580 m. tonn.

India occupies 5th place in area and 11th place in production. Area : U.P. > Rajasthan > M.P. > Karnataka > M.H..

Production : U.P. > Bihar > Karnataka > M.H.

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Soil & Climatic requirement

Soil:well drained sandy loam to silt loam soil. pH -5.5 to 7.5. Salinity and water logging are harmful at seeding stage. Continuous water logging 3 days reduce the yield by 40 to 45%. Climate:-

This crop is not suitable when night temperature drops below 15.6O C.
moist and warm weather from germination to flowering. Temperature for germination is 21oC and for growth is 32oC. Temperature > 35O C. reduce the pollen germination. Temperature < 15O C. delays silking and tasseling. Rainfall of 500 to 750 mm of well distributed rain is continue to proper growth.
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Growth stages of Maize

Maturity stage: Flowering phase: 40-65 days Vegetative phase : 15-39 days. Seedling stage : 1-14 days
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6-95days + Ripening stage:95-110 days

Varieties
Hybrids : Amber, Vijay, Kisan, Sona, Vikram, Jawahar.

Time of sowing
Kharif June July Rabi Oct November

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Management Practice For Maize

1. Field preparation: Ploughed to a depth of 25 to 30cm using mould board plough, followed by 3 or 4 ploughing with plough or harrow. Chiseling reduces the hard pan formation and there is increase in

yield of 25 to 30%. 2. Method of sowing :

Dibbling Method
Drilling method

3. Seed treatment : Seed treatment with Azospirillum followed by soil @10 pockets (2 kg/ha) with FYM. 4. Seed rate : Composite:20 kg/ha, Hybrids : 5 kg/ha
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5. Spacing 2/5/2013

: 50x20cm.

Fertilizer Management
10-15 t of FYM/ha.

NPK at 120:60:60 kg/ha

Method of application : Apply fertilizer 5cm below the soil and 10cm away from the root zone.

Time of application of fertilizers :

100% P and K should be applied as basal. N should be applied in 3 splits. Ist 30-35 days. (Knee high stage) IInd 50-60 days (Tasselling) IIIrd 70-80 days (dough stage).
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Water Management
Generally 4-5 times irrigation require

1st - At germination: 4th day 2nd -Vegetative phase: 20th day 3rd irrigation on 36th day. 4th Flowering phase: 48th day

5th Maturity phase:72nd day

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Weed Management
Pre-emergence application of Atrazine (Atratop 50%WP) 0.25 kg/ha .

followed by one hand hoeing and weeding on 30 to 35 DAS.

Post emergence application, 2,4-D at 1.0 kg/ha on 2 or 3rd leaf stage, should not use when intercropped with legumes.

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Pest Management
Pink Borer:- Larvae of the Sesamia enter the
plant near the base and cause damage to stem. C.M:- Spraying of quinolphos

Shoot fly:- Attack mainly at seedling stage.

The tiny maggots attack on base of the seedlings. After this they cut the growing point or central shoot. C.M:- Seed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 6ml/kg seed.

Stem Borer:- larva of the Chilo enters in the

whorl and cause damage in the leaves C.M:- Spraying of Carbaryl 2kg/ha.

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Disease Management
Leaf blight :- Dwarfing and wilting of the
plants, and the tassels often develop early and die without completing pollination. C.M:- Spraying of Mancozeb @ 2.5kg/ha

Eyespot:- A translucent yellow halo forms

around the margin. killing large portions of leaf tissue. C.M:- Spray Phorate 2kg /ha.

Rust:- Yellowing of the leaf occurs .

brown areas of the leaf. C.M.:- Spray Dithane M-45 @ 2-2.5gm/lit beginning from appearance of symptoms.

Wilt:- Bacteria interrupt the water and nutrient

movement. rapid wilting and even death. C.M:- Spray Phorate 2kg /ha

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Harvesting
The grain cob is harvested when cob sheath turns brownish, Grains become hard and they do not contains more than 20% moisture and they are piled up for 24 hours . Then dried in the sun for 5 or 6 days to reduce the moisture to 10 to 12%. Finally harvested with the help of thresher.

Yield
40-45 kg/ha

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Sugarcane
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Local name

:- Oas

Botanical name :- Saccharum officinarum Familly:- Gramineae Origin :- South east Asia

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Soil & Climatic requirement

Suitability of soil

Medium to fine textured, deep (depth > 1 m), rich in organic matter status, well drained pH between 6.5 to 8.0. Black soil .

Climate:
Cloudy & warm climate require after planting.

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Growth Stages of Sugarcane

Maturity :
210 to 365 days

Grand growth phase: Tillering : Germination:

15 to 30 day after planting
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121to 210 days

50 to 120 days

Management Practices for Sugarcane

A) Preparatory tillage:
Deep ploughing by iron mould board plough drawn by bullocks or tractor break clods and to make the land smooth and even. Before last harrowing, recommended dose of organic manure is applied and mixed well with soil.

B) Planting time:
Planting Harvesting

Pre-seasonal (Oct.to Nov.)

October to January

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C) Varieties for planting:

Variety
CO 86032.

Characteristics
Resistant to smut and grassy shoot diseases, good ratooning, can sustain water stress, non-flowering Early maturity, moderately susceptible to smut, grassy shoot and stem borer.

CoC 671

D) Sets selection & Sets rate:

propagated by cutting Age should be of 9 to 10 months. Eye buds should be fully developed. 2 or 3 eye bud methods of planting are in practice about 25000-30000 two eye budded sets/ha.

E) Sets treatment:
2/5/2013 Sets should be dipped in 0.1% solution of Bavistin 24

F) Method of planting:
First land should be irrigated. Sets should be placed 5 cm deep into soil with the help of

labour.
Care should be taken to place eye buds on side and covered. with thin layer of soil and then irrigation should be given to

the field.
G) Spacing:
Sets to Sets :-- 1 Ft

Row to Row--2/5/2013

4 Ft

4 Ft

4 Ft

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Nutrient Management
A) Organic manures:
FYM 20 tonns/ha Sugarcane trash can be used as a mulch and sprayed with 80 kg urea, 100 kg Single Super Phosphate and 10 kg decomposing culture/ha for better decomposition B) Fertilizer application: Time of application Pre-seasonal ( Kg/ha)

N
At planting 6-8 weeks after planting 12-16 weeks after planting At earthing
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P
100 50 100 250

K
100 50 100 250
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90 160 90 160 500

Total

C) Spraying of Micronutrient:15 kg/ha Boron 25kg/ha Calcium Sulphate Micro nutrient fertilizers should be mixed with well decomposed dung manure or compost and applied as basal dose.

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Water Management
25-30 irrigation requires at different stage

1) Tillering phase (35-100 days):

@ 10-15 days interval 8-10 irrigation require

2) Grand growth phase (101-270 days)

@ 10-15 Days interval 10-12 irrigation require.

3) Maturity phase (271- up to harvest)

@ 10-15 Days interval 8-10 irrigation require.

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Weed Management
A) One to two hand weeding : 1st weeding:- within 6 8 weeks after planting . 2nd weeding:- 12 16 weeks after planting, one more hand weeding followed by hoeing is usually necessary. Hoeing:- By this time, first light earthing up takes place. Later on till final earthing up, one hoeing is again usually necessary.

B) Chemical control : Pre emergence:- Spraying of Atrazine @ 2 kg a.i./ha Post emergence:- Metribuzin + 2-4-D @ 1 kg a.i./ha (8 to 10 weeks after planting) control weeds effectively.

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Pest Management
I. Shoot borer
Late planting of seasonal cane after February should be avoided. Removal of dead hearts and destruction of larvae with cycle spoke in small areas is feasible. C.M. Spraying of Carbendazim2-2.5kg/ha

II. Leaf hopper

Clipping and disposal off 2 to 3 affected leaves with eggs and nymphs followed by two sprays with Dimethoate (30 EC) 27 ml in 10 litres of water. C.M, Good drainage helps to reduce the incidence.

III. Top borer Deep ploughing.

Soil application of 10 G Phorate @ 25 kg/ha or 2% Methyl parathion dust @ 100 kg/ha.
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Disease Management
I. Whip smut Sett treatment with Bavistin 10 gm in 10 litres of water for 10 to 15 minutes. II. Grassy shoot disease Hot water treatment or moist air treatment followed by dipping of setts in Streptocycline or Tetracycline 1 g, in 10 litres of water for 10-15 minutes. III. Red rot C.M. Crop rotation

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Harvesting
A) Signs of maturity: Yellowing of leaves Nearly 20-22 nodes formation Swelling of eye buds Metallic sound of cane Breaking of cane at the nodes and Brix saccharometer reading between above 20.

Irrigation should be stop for about 10 to 15 days prior to harvesting. The cane should be crushed within 24 hours to get high recovery.

B) Cutting of canes:Cane should be cut with the help of labour & finally place at sugar factory.

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Yield
Average yield, pre-seasonal Sugarcane in our farm is :150 tonns/ha Ratoon crop yield:1st ratoon:- 130-150 tonns/ha 2nd ratoon:- 100-130 tonns/ha

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Why our production increases?

A. Our main problem :
Most weeds occurs Low rainfall Soil poor in nutrient.

It shows decrease in yield in last 3-4 years .

B. Solution for increasing yield: Mulching :After cutting cane trash will be remain on field. So previously we burn all the trash. But then after we trash would be level and cut in to small powder with the help of machine. After broadcasting of SSP50kg/acre so these all converted in manure form.
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So it will increases yield in additional 10 tonn/acre.

Previously burning of trash

Mulching of trash: Now we crush the trash in to small form .

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Social Activity
NSS Programme I have engaged in social activity during graduation last two year. I have work in village for crating awareness regarding farming activity Total days 8-10 day In year. Activity carried out:Giving information regarding new improved technology of seeds, Newly developed techniques regarding agriculture. Animal vaccination Training about Organic farming & vermicomposting We have visit field & all problems would solved . Tree plantation Organizing blood donation camp
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THANK YOU
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