CNS

Highlight of Learning Objectives

Learning Goals Learning Outcomes Understand the importance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Understand the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its physiological significance Diagram the secretion and reabsorption of CSF List the composition of CSF and compare it to the composition of plasma Explain the significance of having a wellcontrolled CSF Diagram the blood supply to the brain Diagram the BBB and explain how it is formed Explain how BBB controls the movement of substances and its physiological significance

Part I Outline
Protection and support of the brain
The importance and composition of cerebrospinal fluid The importance of blood brain barrier

Major anatomical divisions of the brain and the primary functions of each part

Protection of the Brain

1) the bones of the cranium 2) the cranial meninges 3) cerebrospinal fluid

Figure 15-5 M

Cranial Meninges

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Arachnoid Pia mater

Brain Ventricles

Figure 15-6 M

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Surrounds brain & spinal cord Cushion and protection

Figure 15-8 M

Circulation of CSF
CSF is produce by choroid plexus in the ventricles CSF leave the 4th ventricle via paired lateral apertures or the single median aperture CSF flows through the subarachnoid space Excess CSF flow into the arachnoid villi, then drains into the dural venous sinuses

Clicker Question
As CSF circulates, CSF and the interstitial fluid of the CNS have been shown to have similar ion concentrations, what kind of movement is involved?

A. B. C. D. E.

osmosis perfusion diffusion active transporter conduction

Vascularization

Blood supply Internal carotid arteries Vertebral arteries Blood drainage Internal jugular veins

The major arterial supply to the brain

Anterior Cerebral A.

Middle Cerebral A.
Posterior Cerebral A.

Internal Carotid A.

Vertebral A.

Circle of Willis

collateral circulation

Anterior cerebral art.

Middle cerebral art.

Posterior cerebral art.

Clicker Question

What is the composition of brain interstitial fluid?

(A)Similar to plasma (B) Different from plasma

Blood-Brain Barrier
Role in water and electrolyte homeostasis Endothelial cells of brain microvessels
Ensheathed by astrocyte foot processes Exhibit complex tight junctions Very limited paracellular solute flux Regulate composition and volume of brain interstitial fluid

BBB and Neurovascular unit (NVU)

Abbott NJ et al. (2006) Nat. Rev. Nuero. 7-41-53

BBB ion transporters and channels

Regulate the brain interstitial fluid volume and composition in healthy, normoxic brain Secretion of NaCl and water into the brain
BBB produces up to 30% of brain interstitial fluid

Absorption of K from brain into blood

BBB maintains low interstitial [K]

Blood-brain barrier regulation of brain interstitial fluid volume and composition Altered during ischemic stroke

Leads to cerebral edema formation

Edema is a major contributing factor to morbidity and mortality of stroke

Stroke (brain attack)

Two major causes: Ischemic stroke
Global
E.g. during cardiac arrest E.g., during occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel

Focal

1. 2. 3. 4. A blood clot Endothelial cell Neuron Free radicals

Hemorrhagic stroke
E.g., following rupture of a cerebral blood vessel

Stroke (brain attack)

Early events

Late events

Concept map
Blood-brain barrier CSF Blood Interstitial fluid Ion concentration in the brain Brain edema stroke

Part I Outline
Protection and support of the brain
The importance and composition of cerebrospinal fluid The importance of blood brain barrier

Major anatomical divisions of the brain and the primary functions of each part

22

Brain Devisions

Superior View

Anterior View

Lateral View

Ventral View

Posterior View

Sagittal Plane

Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum.
Coronal Plane

Cerebral Cortical (Neocortex)

Neocortex - pyramidal (75%) and granule cell

Layer 1 - axons & synapses, few cell bodies Layer 2 - granule cell Layer 3 pyramidal cell Layer 4 granule cell Layer 5 large pyramidal cell Layer 6 pyramidal and other cells

25

Cerebral Features:
Gyri Elevated ridges winding around the brain.

Sulci Small grooves dividing the gyri Central Sulcus Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal lobe Fissures Deep grooves, generally dividing large regions/lobes of the brain Longitudinal Fissure Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres Transverse Fissure Separates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Divides the Temporal Lobe from the Frontal and Parietal Lobes

Gyri (ridge)

Sulci (groove)

Fissure (deep groove)

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLH-humanLH-viaTWD.gif

Major Regions of Human Brain

Cerebrum
Higher brain functions

Diencephalon
Centers for homeostasis

Brainstem
autonomic centers and reflex centers

Cerebellum
Involve in coordination of movement

Brain Divisions

Lateral View

Cerebrum
Frontal
Motor, speech, memory formation, personality, emotion

Parietal
Somatosensory cortex

Occipital
Visual processing and storing visual memories

Temporal
Hearing, speech and language, smell
* Note: Occasionally, the Insula is considered the fifth lobe. It is located15-1 M deep Figure to the Temporal Lobe.

Frontal Cortex
Traditionally considered to be the seat of intelligence Working memory problem Difficulty generating new items or hypothesies Lack of Inhibition Perseveration Difficulty planning sequences or organizing strategies

Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus

Brocas Area
Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Parietal Lobe
It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: Senses and integrates sensation(s) Spatial awareness and perception (Proprioception Awareness of body/ body parts in space and in relation to each other)

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Somatosensory Association Cortex Primary Gustatory Cortex

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Temporal Lobe
They play an integral

role in the following functions:

Hearing Organization/compreh ension of language Information retrieval (Memory and memory formation)

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

Primary Auditory Cortex

Wernikes Area
Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep)
Conducted from Olfactory Bulb

Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Occipital Lobe Cortical Regions

Its primary function is the processing, integration, interpretation, etc. of VISION and visual stimuli.
Primary Visual Cortex the primary area of the brain responsible for sight Visual Association Area Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex. recognition of size, color, light, motion, dimensions, etc.

Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area

Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Primary Language Areas

Brocas area Wenickes area Angular gyrus Arcuate fasciculus

Language and the Aphasias

Other language dysfunctions

Dyslexia Word deafness Anomia Conduction aphasia
The Brain from Top to Bottom: From Thought to Language. Brocas Area, Wernickes Area, and Other Language-Processing Areas in the Brain http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/fl ash/i/i_10/i_10_cr/i_10_cr_lan/i_10_cr_lan.html

Conduction Aphasia
Arcuate Fasciculus - A white matter tract that connects Brocas Area and Wernickes Area through the Temporal, Parietal and Frontal Lobes. Allows for coordinated, comprehensible speech.

Modified from: http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-8.tif.jpg

Copyright: Gary Larson

Q: Assuming this comical situation was factually accurate, what Cortical Region of the brain would these doctors be stimulating?

Primary Motor and Somatosensory Cortex

* This graphic representation of the regions of the Primary Motor Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex is one example of a HOMUNCULUS:

* Note: Homunculus literally means little person, and may refer to one whose body shape is governed by the cortical area devoted to that body region.

Q: What do you notice about the proportions depicted in the aforementioned homunculus? Q: What is meant by depicting these body parts in such outrageous proportions?

Phineas Gage was a railroad worker in the 19th century living in Cavendish, Vermont. One of his jobs was to set off explosive charges in large rock in order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these instances, the detonation occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42 inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod to be blown right up through his skull and out the top. The rod entered his skull below his left cheek bone and exited after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his brain.

A Case Study

Remarkably, Gage never lost consciousness, or quickly regained it (there is still some debate), suffered little to no pain, and was awake and alert when he reached a doctor approximately 45 minutes later. He had a normal pulse and normal vision, and following a short period of rest, returned to work several days later. However, he was not unaffected by this accident.

http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg

Learn more about Phineas Gage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage

Q: Recalling what you have just learned regarding the frontal lobe, what possible problems or abnormalities may Gage have presented with subsequent to this type of injury (remember the precise location of the rod through his brain)?

Q: It is suggested that Gages injury inspired the development of what at one time was a widely used medical procedure. What might this procedure be, and how does it relate to Gages injury?