CELLULAR CONCEPTS

DEFINITION OF A CELL
Mobile Communication System is basically a Radio Communication System where the coverage area is broken into a number of sub-areas called Cells. At the the centre of each Cell , Radio Equipments called BTS ( Base Trans-Receiver Station ) are placed to serve the customers currently lying in the Cell. Broadly, a Cell may be of two types-A Micro Cell with typical radius equal to 500m approx. -A Macro Cell with typical radius equal to 30 Km. (approx.).

NECESSITY OF CELLULAR SYSTEMS

Constraints of a Radio Communication System:1. RF(Radio Frequency) is a Limited Natural Resource. 2. Transmitter Power has Upper Limit. Objective :-To extend the service up-to maximum possible area with maximum no. of Subs.. Achievements with Cellular Structures :1. We shall be able to re-use the RFs. This will enable us (a) To cover wider areas. (b) To serve more number of subscribers 2. Low Power transmitter will be sufficient. 3. Roaming facility to the Customers can be assured.

SHAPE OF THE CELLS

A Cell is taken as Hexagonal in shape for the purpose of Engineering Calculations. In reality, a Cell may of any shape. It depends upon the physical condition of the area of coverage. We do not take a Cell shape as Circular. In that case there will be some uncovered areas and to cover these areas , overlapping of Cells will be required. A Cell may be taken as Triangular, Square, Rectangular etc. in shape. For a given radius , the area covered by a Hexagonal Cell is maximum w r t Triangular / Square / Rectangular Cells. It is convenient to do design calculations with hexagonal geometry.

BASIC DEFINITIONS IN CELLULAR STRUCTURE

Radius (R) of a Cell :-It is the distance between the Centre and any extreme point on the boundary of a Cell. Co-Channel Cells :-Cells having the same set of RFs are termed as Co-Channel Cells. Co-Channel Distance (D) of separation :-This is the distance between any two nearest Cells with same set of RFs. Co-Channel Interference :-Interference caused in one Cell due to a Co-Channel Cell. Co-Channel Interference Reduction Factor (q) :q=D/R

DEFINITIONS ( Contd.)
Received Power (C) :- This is the power received from the desired transmitter. Noise Power (I) :- It is the power received from undesirable transmitters. Path Loss Exponent (n) :- This is a parameter which decides at what rate the loss of signal from a transmitter occurs before it reaches the desired receiver. Relationship between C, n & R :C R-n Relationship Between I, n & D :I D-n

CELL CLUSTERING & FREQUENCY REUSING

Cell Clustering :- In order to reuse the RFs, we make groups of Cells in certain fashions and the groups are termed as Clusters. The No. of Cells in a Cluster is known as Cluster Size (N). N may be 4, 7,9 etc. Frequency Reusing :-The total allotted RFs are distributed among the Cells of a Cluster such that each Cell of the Cluster gets a unique set of RFs. We form similar other Clusters where the same RFs will be re-used among the member Cells of each Cluster keeping in mind that two adjacent Cells do not have the same RFs. If N is the Cluster size, then 1/N is termed as Frequency re-use factor.

LOCATING CO-CHL CELLS IN GSM

-Let us introduce a formulaN= i2 + j2 + ij, where N= Cluster Size i= Non-negative integer j= Non-negative integer For N=4, some of the accepted values for i & j are respectively2 & 0 For N=7, some of the accepted values for i & j are respectively2 & 1

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

2 7 1 6
R

3 7 4 5
D

2 3 1 6 4

CELLULAR

PRINCIPLE

CASE STUDY I ( with higher D & q )

We have q=D/R With higher D, q increases. This means Co-Channel Interference is decreased. Again q=(3N) Any increase in value of q will increase N. This makes less nos. of RFs available per Cell of the Cluster leading to less traffic handling capacity.

CASE STUDY-II (with lower d & q)

We take q=D/R With decrease in value of D, q comes down. This makes increase in Co-Channel Interference. Again with q=(3N) lowering of q will reduce Cluster size and hence more number of RFs available per Cell of the Cluster leading to increase in traffic handling capacity.

A TYPICAL CASE WITH N=7

We take a N=7 and Antenna as omni-directional. A particular Cell is likely to interfered by six nearest CoChannel Cells from six sides of the Hexagonal Cell. With C/I=(1/6)(R/D)-n, we have q=D/R and n=4 Also q=(3N) Taking both the values of q & considering N=7, it is found that the signal level is above 18dB if the MS lies within the boundary of the Cell. However, if he goes very close to the boundary of the Cell , the signal level comes below 18 dB ( worst case 14.47 dB ) which is unacceptable for proper receptions.

SOLUTIONS WITH N=7

Let us take N=7 and let us also further subdivide the Cell into sectors. If we put Directional Antenna in each sector instead of Omni Directional ones in the cell as a whole, the C/I value in worst case comes to be 24.5 dB. This is is quite acceptable. In fact, it is being used in many of Cellular applications.

4 CELL CLUSTERING IN GSM

Using an Omni directional Antenna and 4 Cell Clustering, C/I comes below 18 dB as the Customer moves towards the Cell Boundary. On the other hand , if each Cell of the 4 Cell Cluster is divided into 3 Sectors and each Sector is provided with a Directional Antenna, then C/I comes to be as much as 20 dB in the worst case. The RFs allotted for each Cell is distributed among the Secors of the Cell. In such scenarios GSM uses 4/12 pattern.

THREE SECTORED CELL

MEANING OF 4/12 PATTERN

There will be 4 Cell Clustering. Each Cell would have 3 Sectors. There would be 12 (=4*3) Sectors and each Cell would get 1 RF . Total No. of RFs in a Cluster would be 12 ( Min.) The 4 Cell Cluster would be repeated to cover the entire area.

FREQUENCY PLANNING WITH 4 CELL CLUSTERING

Frequency Planning Aspects
A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
A1 A2 D1 D2 D3 C1 C2 C3
30

A3

B1 B2 B3

ERLANGS FORMULA OF TRAFFIC

The basis for Cell Planning is the Traffic calculation. It is the traffic study which tells us how the subs use the network and how much traffic they generate. Estimation of such traffic can be made with the help of Erlangs formula which is as underA= (n*T)/3600 Erlang, whereA= Offered Traffic n= Number of simultaneous calls T=Average call duration in Secs

MOBILE TRAFFIC MODEL

According to TRA guidelines Subscriber Traffic-25 mE for normal Subscribers -40 mE for High Traffic Subscribers

Call Mix-Mobile to Mobile = 73% (Loc=59%) & (STD=14%)

-PSTN to Mobile = 27% (Loc=20%) & (STD=7%) Average Call duration - 90 Secs

GSM TRAFFIC CALCULATINS

1E Traffic means 1 Sub holds a Circuit for 1 Hr. 25 mE Traffic means 1 Sub holds a Circuit for =(60*60)*25/1000=90 Secs. 1E serves 1 Sub for 1 Hr. 1E serves 10 subs for 60/10=6 Mins (Each Sub) 1E serves 20 subs for =6/2=3 Mins=180 Secs ( Each Sub ) 1E serves 40 subs for =180/2=90 Secs ( Each Sub )

THANKS