Etiology of Schizophrenia

The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia is not known It is accepted, that schizophrenia is the group of schizophrenias which origin is multifactorial:

internal factors genetic, inborn, biochemical external factors trauma, infection of CNS, stress

Etiology of Schizophrenia Dopamine Hypothesis

The most influential and plausible are the hypotheses, based on the supposed disorder of neurotransmission in the brain, derived mainly from
1.

2.

the effects of antipsychotic drugs that have in common the ability to inhibit the dopaminergic system by blocking action of dopamine in the brain dopamine-releasing drugs (amphetamine, mescaline, diethyl amide of lysergic acid - LSD) that can induce state closely resembling paranoid schizophrenia

Classical dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: Psychotic symptoms are related to dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain. Hyperactivity of dopaminergic systems during schizophrenia is result of increased sensitivity and density of dopamine D2 receptors in the different parts of the brain.

Etiology of Schizophrenia Contemporary Models

Dopamine hypothesis revisited: various neurotransmitter systems probably takes place in the etiology of schizophrenia (norepinephric, serotonergic, glutamatergic, some peptidergic systems); based on effects of atypical antipsychotics especially.

Contemporary models of schizophrenia conceptualize it as a neurocognitive disorder, with the various signs and symptoms reflecting the downstream effects of a more fundamental cognitive deficit:

the symptoms of schizophrenia arise from cognitive dysmetria (Nancy C. Andreasen) concept of schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder (Daniel R. Weinberger)

Etiology of Schizophrenia Neurodevelopmental Model

Neurodevelopmental model supposes in schizophrenia the presence of silent lesion in the brain, mostly in the parts, important for the development of integration (frontal, parietal and temporal), which is caused by different factors (genetic, inborn, infection, trauma...) during very early development of the brain in prenatal or early postnatal period of life.

It does not interfere too much with the basic brain functioning in early years, but expresses itself in the time, when the subject is stressed by demands of growing needs for integration, during formative years in adolescence and young adulthood.

Side Effects: EPS

Extrapyramidal syndrome is a condition that causes involuntary muscle movements or spasms that usually occur in the face and neck. It occurs when the release and re-uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine is not regulated correctly. Muscle movement problems that may accompany extrapyramidal syndrome include constantly
smacking the lips moving the tongue, blinking, neck twitches and finger spasms.

Neuroleptics
Mild Strength

Generic name Chlorprothixene Levomepromazine Perazine Promethazine Prothipendyl Sulpiride Thioridazine Truxal

Brand names

Levium, Levomepromazine Neuraxph., Neurocil Perazin Neuraxph., Taxilan Atosil, Closin, Promethazin Neuraxph., Proneurin, Prothazin Dominal Dogmatil, Dogmatyl, Sulpirid Melleril, Thioridazin Neuraxph.

iMedium

Strength

Generic name
Zuclopenthixol

Brand names
Cisordinol, Clopixol

Strong Strength

Generic name Perfenazine

[Very

Brand names Trilafon

Brand names

Strong Strength
Generic name

Benperidol
Bromperidol decanoate

Benperidol Neuraxph., Glianimon Impromen Anatensol, Dapotum D, Deconoat, Fludecate, Modecate, Prolixin Decanoate, Sinqualone

Fluphenazine

Dapotum Injektion, Flunanthate, Moditen enanthate Enanthate Injection, Sinqualone Enantat Dapotum, Permitil, Prolixin, hydrochloride Lyogen, Moditen, Omca, Sediten, Selecten, Sevinol, Siqualone, Trancin Fluspi, Fluspirilen Beta, Imap Haldol, Serenase Orap

Fluspirilen Haloperidol Pimozide

Generic name Amisulpride Aripiprazole Asenapine Benztropine Buspirone Chlorpromazine Clozapine Flupenthixol Iloperidone Melperone Olanzapine Paliperidone Penfluridol Quetiapine Risperidone Sertindole Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Ziprasidone Zotepine

Brand names Solian Abilify Saphris Cogentin Ansial, Ansiced, Anxiron, Axoren, Bespar, Buspar, Buspimen, Buspinol, Buspisal, Narol Largactil, Thorazine Clozaril, Fazaclo, Leponex Depixol, Fluanxol Fanapt Eunerpan, Melneurin Zyprexa Invega, Invega Sustenna Semap Seroquel Belivon, Risperdal, Risperdal Consta Serdolect, Serlect Navane Eskazinyl, Eskazine, Jatroneural, Modalina, Stelazine, Terfluzine, Trifluoperaz, Triftazin Geodon, Zeldox Nipolept

Atypical Neuroleptics

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