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Introduction:

Additives are the most important part of plastic resin.Additives are some types of chemical which may be solid,liquid,gas, rubber.After mixing the certain chemicals,we improve the properties of polymers like mechanical properties, chemical properties,thermal properties, outdoor properties.Before use of additives in plastic material we want to know that which type of place or sector(automobile,electrical,transpoprtation,che mical industries and other industries)

Contents:

INTRODUCTION DEFINITION SELECTION CRITERIA ADVANTAGE OF ADDITIVES. FILLERS PLASTICIZER TOUGHNING AGENT LUBRICANTS STABILIZERS COLOURING AGENT ANTI OXIDANTS COUPLING AGENTS BLOWING AGENTS FLAME RETARDANTS NUCLEATING AGENT ANTISTATIC AGENT MISCELANEOUS

DEFFINITION
Additives are the chemical compound which are added to the polymer in small concentration to improve or to get the desired properties without affecting the other properties of polymer. SELECTION CRITERIA:Selection criteria which are required to select a particular additives to mix a certain plastic material according to requirement. The additives must fulfil some of important requirement. It should be efficient in their function. It should be stable under processing condition. It should be good compatible with polymer. It should be stable during life period/service period. It should be non toxic in nature. It should have easy dispersion with polymer. It should be easily available in market. It should be attractive price and econoal
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ADVANTAGE OF ADDITIVES:It It It It It It It It

increase mechanical property. increase bulkiness. reduce cost. increase chemical resistivity. increase chemical resistivity. increase electrical insulations increase rheological properties. increase optical properties
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DIFFERENT TYPE OF ADDITIVES :

Fillers Plasticizer impact modifier Lubricants Stabilizer Colouring agent Antioxidants Coupling agent Blowing agent Flame retardants Nucleating agents Antistatic agents Miscellaneous slip agent antiblocking agent antislip agent curing agent cling agent

FILLERS:These are the additives which are used in polymer to reduce formulation cost and to improve / to increase physical properties of polymer. Example wood flour, Talk, Jute, calcium floride (Caf), CaS, BaS, Mica, Cotton, Silicate, Baso4, Cacl2 etc. FUNCTION OF FILLER It improves mechanical property. It improve the electrical property It improve heat resistance property. It increases the weight. It reduces the cost. It reduces shrinkage

PLASTICIZERS:Plasticizers are those chemical which are added to polymer which are added to polymer to improve its flexibility processibility & stretchability A plasticizers can decrease : melt viscosity glass transition temperature modulus of elasticity Examples:(i) phthalates Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) Diisoctyl phthalate (DIOP) Butyl benzyl phathalate Diphenyl phthalate. (ii) Phosphates Tributyl phosphate Trichloro ethyl. 8

PLASTICIZERS Primary plasticizer Secondry plasticizer Tertiary plasticizer

The primary plasticizer are usually used alone (without using the secondary & tertiary plasticizers) and it is not exude (discharge through prores) form the plasticized material. Example Generally phthalates (DOP, DIOP ) , phosphates.

Primary plasticizer :-.

Secondary plasticizer :- Secondary plasticizers have

Secondary plasticizers never used without primary plasticizer. Example :Chlorinated hydrocarbons Alephatic hydrocarbon

lower gelling powe and limited compatibility with the polymer so that combination with a primary plasticizer is necessary.

Extenders have very poor gelling power. Least useful alone. Extenders are generally used as a diluent for primary plasticizers. Example :- Side products of mineral oils
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Tertiary plasticizers :-

Impact modifiers or toughning agents :

These are generally polymeric materials & elastomers which are added to rigid plastics to improve the impact property melt index, processibilities, surface finishing & weather resistance.

EFFECT OF PROPERTIES OF TOUGHING AGENT:Impact strength increase Heat diffraction temperature (HDT) increase. Rigidity of material decrease. Example : Synthetic rubber., polymethyl metha acrylate. Fibre (glass fibre, carbon fibre.) Poly carbonate (very tough)

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LUBRICANTS:Lubricants are those substances which are added to polymers to reduce internal and external friction in molten polymer and facilitate its processing by improving flow properties. It also enhances properties such as: Better colour or pigment dispersion. Higher surface clarity of moulded part. Fast cycle Easier mould release Lubricants are two types External lubricants Internal lubricants

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External lubricants :- External lubricants ae those lubricants which elps to reduce the friction [sticking] between metal surface of processing equipment and polymer during processing Example Zinc Stearates,Calcium stearates Graphite Internal lubricants :Internal lubricants are those substances which act internally between the polymeric layers / chains Example - Butyl stearates, Amide was, Polyethylene wax, Distearyl phthalate, Amid wax, acetyl aalmitate glyceral mono stearate use in PVC

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STABILIZERS:Stabilizers are those materials which when added to the polymer, it controls or adjust effectively the deteriorate physiochemical reaction during processing & during the use of the components. Generally stabilizers are four types. 1. light stabilizers, eg:-salicylates,benzoates etc. 2. Heat stabilizers,eg:-TBLS. DBLP. DBLC. 3. HDT modifiers, eg:-ABS.Styrene polymer 4. Bio stabilizers , eg:-Trialkyl tin compound

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chloroxylenol

COLOURING AGENTS :

These are the chemical material dispersed through out the polymer to provide the polymer with specific colour- colourant are two types.
Dyes. Pigments

Requirement of colourants : They must be high thermal stability. They should not affected to transparent material. They should not migrate in its life cycle. It should not be effect on chemical. It should have dispersibility. It should have good weathering resistance.
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ANTIOXIDANTS :

Antioxidants are those chemicals which is added in the polymer to prevent the oxidation of polymer.
Antioxidants can arrest a reactive polymer radical and prevent the polymer (p) from degradation through active radicals.

ACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS.PO + XH POH + X (Stable) POOP + XH PH + X Stabilised free redicals. + XH POOH + X Reactive radical + Antioxidants. Stable Product + Stabilised radicals. MECHANISM OF OSIDATIVE DEGRADATION:P polymer chian P P (free redical) P + O2 PO2 (peroxide redical) PO2 + P POOH + P (free redical) Polymer hydroperoxide

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COUPLING AGENT (adhesion promoters) :

Coupling agents are those materials which improve the adhesion property of the bond between two dissimilar surfaces. Coupling agents improve the dispersion of minerals. Pigments, fillers, reinforcement fibers, leading to improvement in composite properties. There are main three groups of coupling agents.
1. 2. 3. Silanes Titanates Miscellaneous
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BLOWING AGENT :These agents are additives which are able to produce foam or porous structures in polymeric matrix through gas & gas is generated physically or chemically The following properties are generated which is given below : Lower density that is why weight is very less. Material saving. Improved dielectric properties for electrical cable insulation. Improved heat & sound insulation. Types of blowing agent :- Blowing agents are divided into two types :
Physical blowing agent Chemical blowing agent.
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Flame Retardants :

Those chemicals which are added in plastic material in order to retard the flammability of plastic material and increase an insulation barrier property against heat and flame.

Physical action:By formation of a protective layer (coating). The condensed combustible layer can be shielded from the gaseous phase with a solid or gaseous protective layer, Eg. Phosphorous compound.

Chemical action:Reaction in the gas phase . the radical mechanism of the combustion process which takes place in the gas sphare is interrupted by the flame retardant. The exothermic process are this stopped, the system cools down and supply of flammable gases is reduces and 18 eventually completely suppressed

It is like flame retardants. It sbsorbs and prevent smoke volatile gase which are produce during fire incidence of any plastic material.

SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS :-

Example

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Alumenium trihydrates Molybdenum trioxide Magnesium hydroxide Calcium carbonate.

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These are the additives which decrease the size of spherulites and increase the transparency of crystalline polymer and making the transparent. FUNCTION. 1. It reduce the extent of crystallisation. 2. It reduce spherulite size. 3. It prevent discolourantion during processing. 4. It promotes formulation of crystal modification of lowest density. Example ;- Organic nucleating agent. Salts of mono or polycarboxylic acid. Inorganic -- talk , silica, karolin, ethylene, acrylic, ester co-polymer.

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NUCLEATING AGENT :-

SLIP AGENTS :These additives are important in reducing coefficient of friction off the film surface, thus ensuring good handling properties. Fatty acid amides are most commonly use as slip additives. Example :- olic acid amide -PE Euric amide-PP syringe Amide wax,paraffins wax- PVC.

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ANTIBLOCKING AGENTS :These are the additives which are added to the plastics for the purpose of preventing the adhesion of the surface of film made from same material or other . these non compatible in nature and the concentration of antiblocking agent into the polymer is 0.2%. Example Silica, Chalk, fine particle filler, in pvc- amide wax. (1%).

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ANTI STATIC AGENTS-:

These are the chemical compound which are added to the plastics to reduce the build up of electro static charge on the surface of material. Anti static additive prevent dust attraction for esthetic resion. Some of the plastic material passes high electrostatic charges due to the following causes : In some cases static charges may develop due to continuous exposure to the dust particles. In some cases certain filler may give electrostatic charges to the plastic materials.

Example :-

Amine Phosphates Glycol Fatty acid esters Alkyl sulphonates.

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CONCLUSION:

Additive play a critical and complex role in th plastic industry. Different types of additive play different types of roles. They can deal the problems of processing. Althought their original purpose in lower the cost and improve the a overall properties likes dimension stability, mechanical properties, electrical properties. Chemical properties, thermal properties & outdoor properties
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