adhesives

SAIFUDHEEN 2 M B 0 8 AT 0 0 9 8 th s e m B a r c

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADHESIVES HAS CONTINUED OVER THE CENTURIES TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF VARIOUS CIVILISATIONS ; BUT IT WAS NOT UNTIL THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THAT DEMANDS WERE MADE FOR MAJOR ADVANCES IN ADHESIVE TECHNOLOGY. AN ADHESIVE OR STICK ON IS A MATERIAL, USUALLY IN A LIQUID OR SEMI-LIQUID STATE, THAT ADHERES OR BONDS ITEMS TOGETHER. ADHESIVES COME FROM EITHER NATURAL OR SYNTHETIC SOURCES. THE TRADITIONAL ADHESIVES BASED ON ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS HAVE LARGELY BEEN SUPERSEDED BY SYNTHETIC PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY THE POLYMER INDUSTRY, EXCEPT FOR CASEIN, MANUFACTURED FROM SKIMMED MILK, WHICH IS CURRENTLY USED AS A TIMBER ADHESIVE (BS EN 12436: 2002). THE RANGE OF ADHESIVES IS UNDER CONSTANT DEVELOPMENT AND PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS SHOULD ALWAYS BE MATCHED TO MANUFACTURERS SPECIFICATIONS. SPECIAL NOTICE SHOULD BE TAKEN OF EXCLUSIONS WHERE MATERIALS AND ADHESIVES ARE INCOMPATIBLE, ALSO TO SAFETY WARNINGS RELATING TO HANDLING AND THE EVOLUTION OF NOXIOUS FUMES OR FLAMMABLE VAPOURS. ADHESIVES ARE MORE EFFICIENT WHEN BONDING COMPONENTS ARE SUBJECT TO SHEAR FORCES RATHER THAN DIRECT TENSION. THEY ARE LEAST EFFICIENT AGAINST THE PEELING STRESSES.MOST ADHESIVES HAVE A SHELF LIFE OF 12 MONTHS WHEN STORED UNOPENED UNDER APPROPRIATE CONDITIONS. THE POT LIFE AFTER MIXING THE TWOCOMPONENT SYSTEMS RANGES FROM A FEW MINUTES TO SEVERAL HOURS. ALL ADHESIVES EITHER CONTAIN POLYMERS OR POLYMERS ARE FORMED WITHIN THE ADHESIVE BOND.

INTRODUCTION TO ADHESIVE

PROPERTIES OF ADHESIVE
TO FUNCTON EFFECTVELY AS AN ADHESVE,A MATERAL MUST BE CAPABLE OF TWO THNGS: -WETTNG THE SURFACE TO GENERATE NTMATE CONTACT BETWEEN THE ADHESVE AND SUBSTRATE SURFACES

HIGH CONTACT ANGLE NO SPREADING ON SURFACE WETTING

ZERO CONTACT ANGLE COMPLETE SUBSTRATE

-HARDENNG TO GENERATE A COHESVELY STRONG SOLD(CURNG BY CHEMCAL RXN,SOLVENT LOSS OR COOLNG) FASTER SETTING, REDUCED SLIP OR EXTENDED OPEN TIME (THE TIME BETWEEN SPREADING THE ADHESIVE AND APPLYING THE TILES) APPROPRIATE BOTH FOR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL USE. IT CAN USUALLY BE APPLIED WITH EITHER THIN OR THICK BEDDING

THE BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY USES SEVERAL TYPES OF ADHESIVES.. THESE CAN BE CLASSIFIED BY THEIR APPLICATION AND SETTING METHODS AND THEY HAVE TRADITIONALLY INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING: SOLVENT-BASED (APPLIED AS A SOLVENT SOLUTION AND CONVERTED TO AN ADHESIVE WHEN THE SOLVENT EVAPORATES) WATER-BASED (APPLIED AS AN EMULSION AND CONVERTED TO AN ADHESIVE WHEN THE WATER EVAPORATES) REACTIVE (APPLIED AS A ONE- OR TWO-COMPONENT LIQUID AND CONVERTED TO AN ADHESIVE THROUGH CROSSLINKING) HOT MELT (APPLIED AS A MOLTEN FILM AND CONVERTED TO AN SOLID WHEN THE MOLTEN MATERIAL GELS)

CLASSIFICATION OF TILE ADHESIVES BY COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

ADHESIVES

THE VALUE OF THE ADHESVES NDUSTRY WAS ESTMATED NEARLY 10 BLLON US DOLLARS,BROKEN DOWN ACCORDNG TO: GENERAL PURPOSE BNDERS HOT MELTS PRESSURE SENSTVE STRUCTURAL 51% 12% 11% 10% 8%

ADHESIVE INDUSTRY

NATURAL

SYNTHETIC

ANIMAL GLUES FISH GLUE CASEIN GLUE STARCH

EPOXIES CYANOACRYLATES THERMOPLASTICS RUBBER-BASED SOLVENTS ANAEROBIC ADHESIVES RTV SILICONE

ADHESVE FLMS
AEROSOLS DENTAL/MEDCAL

4%
2% 1%

MAJOR TYPES OF ADHESIVES

CELLULOSE

THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF DFFERENT ADHESVES. THEY MGHT BE DVDED NTO THREE MAJOR TYPES:

THERMOPLASTC ADHESVES
THEY ARE FUSBLE, SOLUBLE AND POOR HEAT AND CREEP RESSTANT. THEY ARE NORMALLY USED FOR LOW LOAD ASSEMBLES UNDER GENTLE SERVCE CONDTONS

THERMOSETTNG ADHESVES
THEY ARE ESSENTALLY NFUSBLE, NSOLUBLE AND SHOW GOOD CREEP RESSTANCE. THEY ARE USED FOR HGH LOAD ASSEMBLES AND SEVERE SERVCE CONDTONS SUCH AS HEAT, COLD, RADATON ETC.

TRUBBER-RESN BLENDS
THEY ARE, AS THE NAME NDCATES, RUBBERS AND RESNS MXED TOGETHER N ORDER TO OBTAN COMBNATONS OF DESREDPROPERTES.

SOME IMPORTANT ADHESIVES

ANAEROBIC ADHESVES
ANAEROBIC ADHESIVES CURE WHEN IN CONTACT WITH METAL, AND THE AIR IS EXCLUDED, E.G. WHEN A BOLT IS HOME IN A THREAD. THEY ARE OFTEN KNOWN AS "LOCKING COMPOUNDS", BEING USED TO SECURE, SEAL AND RETAIN TURNED, THREADED, OR SIMILARLY CLOSE FITTING PARTS. THEY ARE BASED ON SYNTHETIC ACRYLIC RESINS.

ACRYLC BASED ADHESVES ADVANTAGES: THEY ARE CROSS-LNKABLE AND DELVER

GOOD RESSTANCE TO VARYNG TEMPERATURE RANGES, CHEMCALS, ULTRAVOLET LGHT AND OXDATON. THEY ARE VERY COLOR STABLE AND CAN BE EASLY REMOVED AND RENSTALLED N THE APPLCATON F DONE NCORRECTLY.

CYANOACRYLATES
CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES CURE THROUGH REACTION WITH MOISTURE HELD ON THE SURFACE TO BE BONDED. THEY NEED CLOSE FITTING JOINTS AND USUALLY SOLIDIFY IN SECONDS. CYANOACRYLATES ARE SUITED TO SMALL PLASTIC PARTS AND TO RUBBER. THEY ARE A SPECIAL TYPE OF ACRYLIC RESIN.

HAVE POOR ADHESON TO POLYOLEFNS. THE NTAL BOND OR TACK STRENGTH OF ACRYLC ADHESVE S LOW.

DSADVANTAGES: GENERALLY, ACRYLC BASED PSAS

TOUGHENED ACRYLICS
TOUGHENED ACRYLICS ARE FAST CURING AND OFFER HIGH STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS. BOTH ONE AND TWO PART SYSTEMS ARE AVAILABLE. IN TWO PART SYSTEMS, NO MIXING IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE ADHESIVE IS APPLIED TO ONE SUBSTRATE, THE ACTIVATOR TO THE SECOND SUBSTRATE, AND THE SUBSTRATES JOINED. THEY TOLERATE MINIMAL SURFACE PREPARATION AND BOND WELL TO A WIDE RANGE OF MATERIALS.

EPOXIES
EPOXY ADHESIVES CONSIST OF AN EPOXY RESIN PLUS A HARDENER. THEY ALLOW GREAT VERSATILITY IN FORMULATION SINCE THERE ARE MANY RESINS AND MANY DIFFERENT HARDENERS. EPOXY ADHESIVES CAN BE USED TO JOIN MOST MATERIALS. THESE MATERIALS HAVE GOOD STRENGTH, DO NOT PRODUCE VOLATILES DURING CURING, AND HAVE LOW SHRINKAGE.

POLYURETHANES
POLYURETHANE ADHESIVES ARE CHEMICALLY REACTIVE FORMULATIONS THAT MAY BE ONE OR TWO PART SYSTEMS AND ARE USUALLY FAST CURING. THEY PROVIDE STRONG RESILIENT JOINTS WHICH ARE IMPACT RESISTANT AND HAVE BETTER LOW TEMPERATURE STRENGTH THAN ANY OTHER ADHESIVE. POLYURETHANES ARE USEFUL FOR BONDING GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS (GRP).

PHENOLICS
PHENOLICS WERE THE FIRST ADHESIVES FOR METALS AND HAVE A LONG HISTORY OF SUCCESSFUL USE FOR JOINING METAL TO METAL AND METAL TO WOOD. THEY REQUIRE HEAT AND PRESSURE FOR THE CURING PROCESS.

SILICONES
SILICONES ARE NOT VERY STRONG ADHESIVES, BUT ARE KNOWN FOR THEIR FLEXIBILITY AND HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE. THEY ARE OFTEN USED AS BATH AND SHOWER SEALANTS. THEIR ADHESION TO SURFACES IS ONLY FAIR BUT LIKE THEIR FLEXIBILITY, THEIR DURABILITY IS EXCELLENT.

POLYIMIDES
POLYIMIDE ADHESIVES ARE BASED ON SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHAINS. THEY ARE AVAILABLE AS LIQUIDS OR FILMS, BUT ARE EXPENSIVE AND DIFFICULT TO HANDLE. POLYIMIDES ARE SUPERIOR TO MOST OTHER ADHESIVE TYPES WITH REGARD TO LONG TERM STRENGTH RETENTION AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

APPLICATIONS OF ADHESIVES
PROTECTVE FLMS: ACRYLC/POLYESTER, SLCONE/POLYESTER HEAT ACTVATED DRY FLMS PLATNG TAPES:CROSSLNKE, SLCONE SPLCNG TAPES

BULDNG COMPONENTS
FURNTURE FOOTWEAR DOORS AND MLLWORK MASKNG TAPES AEROSPACE SPECALTY PRODUCTS

PROTECTVE FLMS:

HEAT ACTVATED DRY FLMS SPLCNG TAPES

CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESIVE BASED ON ITS WORKING

BITUMEN SHEET ROOFING ADHESIVES BITUMEN ADHESIVES ARE AVAILABLE FOR HOT APPLICATION, EMULSION OR IN HYDROCARBON SOLVENT FOR THE COLDBONDING BITUMINOUS SHEET ROOFING. THE ADHESIVES SHOULD BE POURED AND SPREAD BY TROWEL TO AVOID AIR POCKETS, WHICH MAY CAUSE PREMATURE DELAMINATION OF THE SHEET FROM THE SUBSTRATE. EXCESS BITUMEN SHOULD BE REMOVED AS IT MAY STAIN ADJACENT MATERIALS. PLASTIC PIPE ADHESIVES SOLVENT-BASED VINYL RESIN ADHESIVES ARE USED FOR BONDING PVC-U AND ABS PIPES AND FITTINGS. THE ADHESIVE IS BRUSH-APPLIED TO BOTH COMPONENTS WHICH ARE THEN UNITED AND SLIGHTLY ROTATED TO COMPLETE THE SEAL. CURING IS RAPID BUT IN COLD WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WATER PRESSURE SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED FOR SEVERAL HOURS. GAP-FILLING ADHESIVE GUN-GRADE GAP-FILLING ADHESIVES, USUALLY BASED ON SOLVENT-BORNE RUBBER OR SYNTHETIC RUBBER RESINS WITH FILLER REINFORCEMENT, ARE VERSATILE IN THEIR APPLICATIONS. THEY ARE GENERALLY FORMULATED TO BOND TIMBER, TIMBER PRODUCTS, DECORATIVE LAMINATES, SHEET METALS, PVC-U AND RIGID INSULATING MATERIALS (EXCEPT POLYSTYRENE), TO THEMSELVES AND ALSO TO BRICKWORK, BLOCKWORK, CONCRETE, PLASTER AND GRP. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS INCLUDE THE FIXING OF DECORATIVE WALL PANELS, DADO RAILS, ARCHITRAVES AND SKIRTING BOARDS WITHOUT NAILING OR SCREWING. SURFACES TO BE BONDED MUST BE SOUND AND CLEAN, BUT THE GAP-FILLING PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCTS CAN ALLOW FIXING TO UNEVEN SURFACES. THE MATERIALS HAVE GOOD IMMEDIATE ADHESION AND CAN ALLOW THE COMPONENTS TO BE ADJUSTED INTO POSITION. PVA BONDING AGENT AND SEALANT PVA (POLYVINYL ACETATE) IS A VERSATILE MATERIAL WHICH WILL NOT ONLY ACT AS AN ADHESIVE AS DESCRIBED, BUT ALSO AS A BONDING AGENT OR SURFACE SEALANT. AS A BONDING AGENT IT WILL BOND CEMENT SCREEDS, RENDERING AND PLASTER TO SUITABLE SOUND SURFACES WITHOUT THE REQUIREMENT FOR A GOOD MECHANICAL KEY. PVA WILL

TYPES OF ADHESIVE USED IN BUILDING INDUSTRY

TILE ADHESIVES CERAMIC WALL TILE ADHESIVES CERAMIC FLOOR TILE ADHESIVES BITUMEN SHEET ROOFING ADHESIVES PVA BONDING AGENT AND SEALANT VINYL FLOOR TILE &WOOD BLOCK ADHESIVES WALLPAPER ADHESIVES EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES HOT-MELT ADHESIVES GAP-FILLING ADHESIVE PLASTIC PIPE ADHESIVES WOOD ADHESIVES CONTACT ADHESIVES

TILE ADHESIVES THE STANDARD BS EN 12004: 2001 CLASSIFIES ADHESIVES FOR TILES INTO THREE TYPES: CEMENTITIOUS (C); DISPERSION (D); AND REACTION RESIN (R). EACH OF THESE TYPES MAY HAVE FURTHER CHARACTERISTICS DEFINED BY CLASSES RELATING TO ENHANCED ADHESIVE PROPERTIES, FASTER SETTING,REDUCED SLIP OR EXTENDED OPEN TIME (THE TIME BETWEEN SPREADING THE ADHESIVE AND APPLYING THE TILES) (TABLE 16.4). DISPERSION ADHESIVES ARE THE READY-FOR-USE AQUEOUS POLYMER DISPERSIONS, WHILST THEREACTION RESIN ADHESIVES ARE ONE- OR TWOCOMPONENT SYSTEMS WHICH SET BY CHEMICAL REACTION. CERAMIC WALL TILE ADHESIVES WALL TILE ADHESIVES ARE USUALLY PVA (POLYVINYL ACETATE), ACRYLIC OR CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITIONS. THE STANDARD PVA THIN-BED ADHESIVES, TYPICALLY TO 3 MM, WILL ONLY TOLERATE MOISTURE, WHEREAS THE THIN-BED WATER-RESISTANT ACRYLIC-BASED ADHESIVES ARE SUITABLE FOR FIXING WALL TILES AND MOSAICS IN DAMP AND WET CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED FOR EXAMPLE WITH DOMESTIC SHOWERS. SOME ACRYLICBASED PRODUCTS EVOLVE AMMON IA ON SETTING. THE WATERRESISTANT CEMENTS AND POLYM ER MODIFIED CEMENT PRODUCTS ARE APPROPRIATE BOTH FOR INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL USE AND CAN USUALLY BE APPLIED WITH EITHER THIN OR THICK BEDDING. THE POLYM ER MODIFIED CEMENT ADHESIVES ARE ALSO SUITABLE FOR FIXING MARBLE, GRANITE AND SLATE TILES UP TO 15 MM THICK. FOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE THIN-BED EPOXY-RESINBASED ADHESIVES ARE AVAILABLE. IN ALL CASES THE SUBSTRA TE MUST BE SOUND WITH NEW PLASTER, BRICKWORK, CONCRETE, FULLY DRIED OUT FOR 26 WEEKS.PLASTERBOARD AND TIMBER PRODUCTS MUST BE ADEQUATELY FIXED AT 300 MM CENTRES HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY TOENSURE RIGIDITY. IN REFURBISHMENT WORK, FLAKING OR MULTILAYERED PAINT SHOULD BE REMOVED AND GLAZED SURFAC ES MADE GOOD. WHERE THE TILE ADHESIVE IS CLASSIFIED AS WATERPROOF, EITHER ACRYLIC OR CEMENT-BASED, IT MAY BE USED AS THE GROUTING MEDIUM. ALTERNATIVELY, EQUIVALENT WATERPROOF GROUTING IS AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF COLOURS TO BLEND OR CONTRAST WITH THE WALL TILES. EPOXY-RESIN TILE GROUT IS AVAILABLE FOR VERY WET CONDITIONS.

CERAMIC FLOOR TILE ADHESIVES THE MAJORITY OF CERAMIC FLOOR TILE ADHESIVES ARE CEMENTBASED, USED EITHER AS THICK BED (UP TO 25 MM) OR THIN BED ACCORDING TO THE QUALITY OF THE SUBSTRATE. STANDARD PRODUCTS ARE SUITABLE FOR FIXING CERAMIC TILES, QUARRIES, BRICK SLIPS, STONE AND TERRAZZO TO WELL-DRIED-OUT CONCRETE OR CEMENT/SAND SCREED. WHERE SUSPENDED TIMBER FLOORS ARE TO BE TILED, THEY MUST BE WELL VENTILATED AND STRONG ENOUGH TO SUPPORT THE ADDITIONAL DEAD LOAD. AN OVERLAY OF 12 MM EXTERIOR GRADE PLYWOOD, PRIMED WITH BONDING AGENT AND SCREWED AT 200 MM CENTRES MAY BE NECESSARY. IN REFURBISHMENT WORK, IT IS BETTER TO REMOVE ALL OLD FLOOR FINISHES, BUT CERAMIC FLOOR TILES MAY BE FIXED OVER CLEANED CERAMIC OR POSSIBLY PRIMED VINYL TILES, PROVIDING ALL LOOSE MATERIAL IS FIRST REMOVED. CEMENT-BASED GROUTING CAN BE PIGMENTED TO THE REQUIRED COLOUR, BUT CARE MUST BE TAKEN TO ENSURE THAT EXCESS GROUT IS REMOVED FROM THE SURFACE OF THE TILES BEFORE STAINING OCCURS. THIN-BED TWO-COMPONENT EPOXY-BASED ADHESIVES ARE MORE WATER- AND CHEMICALRESISTANT THAN THE STANDARD CEMENT-BASED PRODUCTS AND ARE APPROPRIATE FOR USE WHERE REPEATED SPILLAGE IS LIKELY FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. WHERE THERE IS LIKELY MOVEMENT OF THE SUBSTRATE, TWO-COMPONENT RUBBERBASED ADHESIVES ARE GENERALLY APPROPRIATE. CONTACT ADHESIVES CONTACT ADHESIVES BASED ON POLYCHLOROPRENE RUBBER, EITHER IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS OR AQUEOUS EMULSIONS, ARE NORMALLY SUITABLE FOR BONDING DECORATIVE LAMINATES AND OTHER RIGID PLASTICS SUCH AS PVC AND ABS TO TIMBER, TIMBER PRODUCTS AND METALS. THE ADHESIVE IS USUALLY APPLIED TO BOTH SURFACES, THE SOLVENT OR EMULSION ALLOWED TO BECOME TOUCH DRY, PRIOR TO BRINGING THE TWO SURFACES INTO CONTACT WHEN AN IMMEDIATE STRONG BOND IS PRODUCED. THE AQUEOUS EMULSION PRODUCTS CAN ALSO BE SUITABLE FOR FIXING SEALED CORK AND EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE AND HAVE THE ADVANTAGE THAT NO FUMES ARE EVOLVED. EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE TILES MAY BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY SOLVENT-BASED FORMULATIONS. VINYL FLOOR TILE AND WOOD BLOCK ADHESIVES MOST VINYL FLOOR TILE AND WOOD BLOCK ADHESIVES ARE BASED ON EITHER RUBBER/BITUM EN RUBBER/RESIN OR MODIFIED BITUMEN EMULSIONS. IN ALL CASES IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT THE SUB-FLOOR IS DRY, SOUND, SMOOTH AND FREE FROM ANY CONTAMINATION WHICH WOULD AFFECT THE ADHESION. WHERE NECESSARY CEMENT/ACRYLIC OR CEMENT/LATEX FLOOR LEVELL ING COMPOUND SHOULD BE APPLIED TO CONCRETE, ASPHALT OR OLD CERAMIC TILED FLOORS. SOME CEMENT/LATEX MATERIALS EVOLVE AMMONIA DURING APPLICATION. WALLPAPER ADHESIVES STANDARD WALLPAPER ADHESIVES ARE BASED ON METHYL CELLULOSE, A WHITE POWDER WHICH IS WATER SOLUBLE GIVING A COLOURLESS SOLUTION. FOR FIXING THE HEAVIER PAPERS AND DECORATIVE DADO STRIPS, POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA) IS AN ADDED COMPONENT. COLD WATER STARCH IS ALSO AVAILABLE AS BOTH A WALL SIZING AGENT AND WALLPAPER ADHESIVE. MOST WALLPAPER PASTES CONTAIN FUNGICIDE TO INHIBIT MOULD GROWTH. THE STANDARD BS 3046: 1981 DESCRIBES FIVE TYPES OF ADHESIVE RANGING FROM LOW SOLIDS TO HIGH WET AND DRY STRENGTH WITH ADDED FUNGICIDE.

WOOD ADHESIVES WOOD JOINTS GENERALLY SHOULD BE CLOSE CONTACT WITH A GAP OF LESS THAN 0.15 MM, BUT SO-CALLED GAP-FILLING ADHESIVES SATISFACTORILY BOND UP TO 1.3 MM. POLYVINYL ACETATE (PVA) WOOD GLUES ARE WIDELY USED FOR MOST ON-SITE WORK AND IN THE FACTORY ASSEMBLY OF MORTICE AND TENON JOINTS FOR DOORS, WINDOWS AND FURNITURE. THE WHITE EMULSION SETS TO A COLOURLESS TRANSLUCENT THERMOPLASTIC FILM, GIVING A BOND OF SIMILAR STRENGTH TO THE TIMBER ITSELF, BUT INSUFFICIENT FOR BONDING LOADBEARING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. COMPONENTS SHOULD BE CLAMPED IN POSITION FOR UP TO 12 HOURS TO ENSURE MAXIMUM BONDING, ALTHOUGH INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE MAY REDUCE THIS. WATERPROOF PVA ADHESIVES WHICH PARTIALLY CROSS-LINK ON CURING ARE SUITABLE FOR PROTECTED EXTERNAL USE BUT NOT IMMERSION IN WATER. PVA ADHESIVES GENERALLY RETAIN THEIR STRENGTH UP TO 60C AND DO NOT DISCOLOUR THE TIMBER, EXCEPT BY CONTACT WITH FERROUS METALS. THE THERMOSETTING WOOD RESINS ARE MAINLY TWOCOMPONENT SYSTEMS BASED ON PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS SUCH AS UREA, MELAMINE, RESORCINOL OR PHENOL WHICH CURE WITH FORMALDEHYDE TO PRODUCE LOAD-BEARING ADHESIVES (BS EN 301: 1992). MOST FORMULATIONS REQUIRE THE MIXING OF THE RESIN AND HARDENER, BUT A PREMIXED DRY POWDER TO WHICH WATER IS ADDED IS ALSO AVAILABLE. STRUCTURAL RESIN-BASED ADHESIVES ARE DESIGNATED FOR EXTERIOR (TYPE 1) OR PROTECTED (TYPE 2) USE. MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVES WILL NOT RESIST PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO WEATHERING. UREA FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVES ARE GENERALLY MOISTURERESISTANT OR FOR INTERIOR USE ONLY. CERTAIN TIMBER FIRERETARDANT AND PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS REDUCE THE EFFICIENCY OF TIMBER ADHESIVES, ALTHOUGH GENERALLY THOSE BASED ON PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE/RESORCINOL FORMALDEHYDE ARE UNAFFECTED.

EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES EPOXY RESINS ARE TWO-COMPONENT COLD-CURING ADHESIVES WHICH PRODUCE HIGH STRENGTH DURABLE BONDS. MOST REQUIRE EQUAL QUANTITIES OF THE RESIN AND HARDENER TO BE MIXED AND VARIOUS FORMULATIONS ARE AVAILABLE GIVING CURING TIMES RANGING FROM MINUTES TO HOURS. STRONG BONDS CAN BE OBTAINED TO TIMBER,METAL, GLASS, CONCRETE, CERAMICS AND RIGID PLASTICS. EPOXY RESINS MAY BE USED INTERNALLY OR EXTERNALLY AND THEY ARE RESISTANT TO OILS, WATER, DILUTE ACIDS, ALKALIS, AND MOST SOLVENTS EXCEPT CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS. EPOXY RESINS ARE FREQUENTLY USED FOR ATTACHING STAINLESS STEEL FIXINGS INTO STONE AND BRICK SLIPS PRIOR TO THEIR CASTING INTO CONCRETE CLADDING PANELS. EPOXY FLOORING ADHESIVES MAY BE USED FOR BONDING VINYL FLOOR FINISHES IN WET SERVICE AREAS AND TO METAL SURFACES. CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES CYANOACRYLATES ARE SINGLE-COMPONENT ADHESIVES WHICH BOND COMPONENTS HELD IN TIGHT CONTACT WITHIN SECONDS. A HIGH TENSILE BOND IS PRODUCED BETWEEN METALS, CERAMICS, MOST PLASTICS AND RUBBER. THE CURING IS ACTIVATED BY ADSORBED MOISTURE ON THE MATERIAL SURFACES, AND ONLY SMALL QUANTITIES OF THE CLEAR ADHESIVE ARE REQUIRED. THE BOND IS RESISTANT TO OIL, WATER, SOLVENTS, ACID AND ALKALIS BUT DOES NOT EXHIBIT HIGH IMPACT RESISTANCE. A RANGE OF ADHESIVE VISCOSITIES IS MANUFACTURED TO MATCH TO PARTICULAR APPLICATIONS. HOT-MELT ADHESIVES HOT-MELT ADHESIVES FOR APPLICATION BY GLUE-GUN ARE USUALLY BASED ON THE THERMOPLASTIC COPOLYMER, ETHYLENE VINYL ACETATE (EVA). FORMULATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR JOINING MATERIALS TO EITHER FLEXIBLE OR RIGID SUBSTRATES. GENERALLY, THE ADHESIVE SHOULD BE APPLIED TO THE LESS EASILY BONDED SURFACE FIRST (E.G. THE HARDER OR SMOOTHER SURFACE) AND THEN THE TWO COMPONENTS SHOULD BE PRESSED TOGETHER FOR AT LEAST ONE MINUTE. WHERE METALS ARE TO BE BONDED THEY SHOULD BE PRE-WARMED TO PREVENT RAPID DISSIPATION OF THE HEAT. SIMILAR ADHESIVES ARE USED IN IRON-ON EDGING VENEERS FOR PLASTIC- AND WOOD-FACED PARTICLEBOARD.

TYPES OF ADHESIVE USED IN BUILDING INDUSTRY

TILE ADHESIVES CERAMIC WALL TILE ADHESIVES CERAMIC FLOOR TILE ADHESIVES CONTACT ADHESIVES VINYL FLOOR TILE AND WOOD BLOCK ADHESIVES WOOD ADHESIVES WALLPAPER ADHESIVES EPOXY RESIN ADHESIVES CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES HOT-MELT ADHESIVES BITUMEN SHEET ROOFING ADHESIVES PVA BONDING AGENT AND SEALANT GAP-FILLING ADHESIVE PLASTIC PIPE ADHESIVES