Gas Turbine ! ! ! !

Group Members
1. M Imran 2. Mubasshar Bashir 3. S M Ash-had 4. Faisal Kareem 5. Hassan Farooq (2009-EE-42) (2009-EE-54) (2009-EE-32) (2009-EE-02) (2009-EE-24)

What is Turbine ?

It is a Machine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid, such as water, steam, or gas, is converted to rotary motion and that rotary motion is further used by different techniques.

What is Gas Turbine ?

Turbine which converts Kinetic energy of Gas into rotary motion is called Gas Turbine.

Brayton Cycle

The Brayton cycle was first proposed by George Brayton for use in the reciprocating oil-burning engine. Today, it is used for gas turbines only, where both the compression and expansion processes take place in rotating machinery.

Brayton Cycle

Following four processes takes place in Brayton Cycle for Open Cycle conditions.
1-2: Compression 2-3: Combustion 3-4: Expansion through Turbine and Exhaust Nozzle (4-1: Atmospheric Pressure)

Brayton Cycle

For Closed Cycle these processes are as following.

1-2: Compression 2-3: Heat Addition 3-4: Expansion through Turbine and Exhaust Nozzle 4-1: Cooling

Open Cycle & Closed Cycle

Block Diagram
Following diagram shows that how the process happens and the direction of Fluid.

Schematic Diagram
The full path of air & fuel is shown in this Diagram.

Basic Components

Basic Components

Compressor

Draws in air & compresses it Fuel pumped in and ignited to burn with compressed air Hot gases converted to work Can drive compressor & external load

Combustion Chamber

Turbine

Basic Components

Compressor

Draws in air & compresses it Fuel pumped in and ignited to burn with compressed air Hot gases converted to work Can drive compressor & external load

Combustion Chamber

Turbine

Basic Components

Compressor

Draws in air & compresses it Fuel pumped in and ignited to burn with compressed air Hot gases converted to work Can drive compressor & external load

Combustion Chamber

Turbine

Compressor

Supplies high pressure air for combustion process Compressor types

Radial/centrifugal flow compressor Axial flow compressor

Compressor

Radial/centrifugal flow

Adv: simple design, good for low compression ratios (5:1) Disadv: Difficult to stage, less efficient

Axial flow

Good for high compression ratios (20:1) Most commonly used

Compressor

Controlling Load on Compressor

To ensure maximum efficiency and allow for flexibility, compressor can be split into HP & LP sections Vane control: inlet vanes/nozzle angles can be varied to control air flow and to maintain the pressure of burnt gasses over Turbine blades.

Use of Compressed Air

Primary Air (30%)

Passes directly to combustor for combustion process Passes through holes in perforated inner shell & mixes with combustion gases Insulates/cools turbine blades

Secondary Air (65%)

Film Cooling Air (5%)

Combustion Chambers

Here the Fuel is sprayed by the nozzles and these small drops of fuel mixed up with compressed air. Now spark plugs are used to ignite the fuel and it causes burned the fuel. Due to burning the temperature of that mixture increases and then it directed to the Turbine.

Turbines

Consists of one or more stages designed to develop rotational energy Uses sets of nozzles & blades Single shaft

Power coupling on same shaft as turbine Same shaft drives rotor of compressor and power components

Turbines

Split Shaft

Gas generator turbine drives compressor Power turbine separate from gas generator turbine Power turbine driven by exhaust from gas generator turbine Power turbine drives power coupling

Dual Shaft, Split Shaft

Gas Turbine Systems

Air System

Air intakes are located high up & multiple filters Exhaust discharged out stacks Uses either any kind of fuel for ignition process Supply oil to the bearings and gears

Fuel System

Lubrication System

Gas Turbine Accessory Systems

Starting System

To get compressor initially rotated, HP air used (can use electrical also) Once at certain RPM, fuel injected and spark ignited Reduction gears used to transfer torque With split shaft, turbines can run @ different speeds

Power Transmission System

Closed Cycle

In closed cycle system the hot gasses are not directed to Atmosphere but we supply these gasses to Compressor back after Cooling. This cooling is done by the help of Heatexchangers.

Heat-Exchanger

As it is suggested by the name, It is a device which is used to exchange heat. It have two major part 1. Shell 2. Inner Tubes If we want to provide cooling through it then hot gases will be at shell side and the cold water will flow through tubes.

Heat-Exchanger

And by this way the cooling happens.

A typical heat-exchanger is shown in figure below

GTG vs Steam

For the same hP,

Weight reduction of 70% Simpler (less maintenance, fewer components) Reduced manning automated control Quicker response time Modular replacement

Applications

Widely uses for Electrical Power Generation. Uses in Turbo-Jets/Turbo-fans

In Sub-Marines & Ships.

Concepts to Remember!

Brayton Cycle Block Diagram of Open/Close cycle system To differentiate between different parts of Gas Turbine System and their working Types of Compression and its characteristics

Thank You

Questions ?