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GERMINATION

The World of Plants

World of Plants is divided into: A- Introducing plants

B- Growing plants (Pollination, Fertilization,


Asexual reproduction)
C- Making food

The life cycle of a plant


There are 7 stages in the life cycle of a plant. seed / fruit
Formation fertilisation pollination flower formation

seed dispersal germination

development

Seed Structure
Parts are:
Seed coat Forms a tough protective layer Embryo shoot

Food store Provides the embryo plant with food.

Embryo root

Embryo grows into plant

Seed Dissection
Using a scalpel, carefully dissect your seed in half lengthways. Draw a diagram of what you can see. Identify the parts, and label your drawing (workbook p13).

Seeds

Investigation: Germination
This is an Exam Board Investigation that makes up part of your Practical Abilities grade (20% of finals) Planning may be done in small groups but after this you must work on your own Write in your Investigation booklet.

What affects germination?


Botn3n Brainstorm
Spacing / number of seeds Humidity / water volume Type of seeds Size of seeds Type of soil / mass Temperature Depth of planting Gases / oxygen levels Measure by % germination after set time

Germination and Temperature


Example of results table. Also draw a graph. Temperature
oC

No. of seeds

No. of Percentage seeds germination germinated

4 20 50

25 25 25

What conclusions can you draw from your experiment? How could you have improved it?

Germination conditions
Germination is the development of a new plant from the embryo in a seed.

Seeds need certain conditions to germinate:


Water
to activate enzymes which digest stored food

Oxygen
Needed for the production of energy for germination

Warmth
Needed for the enzymes to work effectively.

Germination and Temperature


The best temperature for germination of a species of plant is known as the optimum temperature. The optimum temperature is normally between 15oC and 30oC.

Structure of a Flower

Petal Stigma

Anther

Carpel female parts Style

Stigma

Petals Stamen male parts

Ovary Ovules Sepals

Anther
Filament Nectaries

Collect a cut-out flower, colour it in and put it together.

What do the parts do?


Sepalsprotect the flower when it is a bud Stamen- anther produces male sex cells (pollen) Carpel- stigma traps pollen

Petalscolourful to attract the insects Nectariesgive out sugary liquid to attract insects

Style is where pollen tube grows down to female sex cells.


Carpel- ovary produces female sex cells (ovules)

Quick Test
1. 2. 3. 4. Why is the seed coat important? Name the parts of the embryo plant. Why is the food store in a seed important? Name the three factors required for germination. 5. Where are a plants sex organs found? 6. Name two parts of a flower that attract insects. 7. Name the male part of a flower. 8. Which part of the flower contains ovules? 9. Which part of the flower produces pollen? 10. Which part of a flower catches pollen grains?

Pollination
Pollination involves the transfer of pollen (male gamete) from the anther to the stigma (outermost female part)
If it is in the same flower it is called self-pollination. If between different flowers it is called cross-pollination Plants are pollinated by insects or the wind.

Insect Pollinated Plants

Wind Pollinated Plants

Pollination Activity
Which features are from wind pollinated or insect pollinated plants?
the differences between insect and wind pollinated plants.

Pollination Summary
Structure
Petals

Wind Pollinated
dull light dangling feathery none

Insect Pollinated
bright colour sticky inside flower sticky makes sugar

Pollen
Stamen Stigma

nectar

Hayfever

Fertilization
Fertilization involves the fusion of the nucleus of the male gamete (in the pollen) with the nucleus of the female gamete (in the ovules).

Fertilization

Pollen tubes

The pollen grain grows a tube. The tube reaches an ovule. The gamete nuclei fuse (fertilisation) and a zygote (seed) forms.

Pollen tube growth

Fertilization
Once fertilization has taken place the zygote (fertilized ovule)becomes a seed, and the ovary becomes a fruit. The petals die and fall off. The plant seeds are in the fruit.

What are fruits like?


The fruits can be:
- soft & fleshy - hard & dry What fruits can you think of? What are their seeds like? Draw a table with headings for each type and write some examples for them.

Types of Fruits Soft & fleshy Apple Tomato Hard & dry Hazelnut

Seed Dispersal- why?


Seeds must be carried away (dispersed / scattered) from the parent plant to:
Reduce overcrowding Reduce competition for:

- Water
- Light

- Nutrients

Seed Dispersal
Dispersal method Wind Description Seeds are designed to travel as far as possible. May have extensions which act as parachutes or wings. Fruits may be shaken like a pepper pot. Seeds/ Fruits

Seed Dispersal
Dispersal method Animal (internal) Description Fruit is brightly coloured to attract animals. When eaten the seed travels with the animal, survives acidic digestive juices and is passed out in the faeces. Seeds/ Fruits

Seed Dispersal
Dispersal method Description Seeds/ Fruits

Animal Some have little hooks (external) or sticky substances so they stick onto the animals fur, are carried away and rubbed off later. Some carried away by animals and dropped.

Activity
Cut out the seeds, match and stick them into appropriate columns in a table, for:

Wind Animal (external) Animal (internal)


[There is also mechanical (eg broom, sea cucumber) and water (eg coconut) but you dont need to know them for Standard grade]

Activity
Listening exercise on seed dispersal
Listen to the tape,

Quick Test-A
1. What term is used to describe male and female gametes? 2. What is pollination? 3. Name the two types of pollination. 4. Describe the differences in the pollen between insect and wind pollinated plants. 5. Explain why the stigmas of wind pollinated flowers hang outside the flowers.

Quick test-B
1. Why do wind pollinated flowers not produce nectar? 2. How does the male gamete reach the female gamete? 3. What is a fruit? 4. Name three ways in which fruits and seeds are dispersed. 5. Why is it important that fruits and seeds are carried away from the parent plant?

Types of reproduction
Sexual reproduction Involves 2 parents and sex cells ie. pollen and ovule join to make a new individual.
Asexual reproduction Involves 1 parent and no sex cells. Ways they naturally reproduce include: - Tubers - ( Bulbs ) - Runners

Tubers
Tubers are underground food stores which stores food over the winter and provides a new plant with food until it can make its own. Examples: potato, artichoke, yam, cassava, water chestnut, arrowroot
TaroJapanese potato

Food made by the new plant is sent to make new tubers. Thereby reproducing itself.

Arrowroot
arrowroot = arrow root = Chinese potato (this name also is used for jicama) = goo = seegoo = arrowhead = Chinese arrowhead = tse goo = ci gu = tsu goo

Notes: The name arrowroot is more commonly associated with a thickener that's made from the plant. A fresh arrowroot tuber looks like a small onion, only without the layers. It should be peeled, and then it can be boiled or stir-fried. Look for it in Chinese markets during the winter.

Cassava
cassava = casava = manioc = mandioca = tapioca root = yucca = yucca root = yuca root = Brazilian arrowroot Pronunciation: kuh-SAH-vuh

Notes: People in Hispanic countries use cassavas much like Americans use potatoes. There's both a sweet and a bitter variety of cassava. The sweet one can be eaten raw, but the bitter one requires cooking to destroy the harmful prussic acid it contains.

Topinambour
Topinambour

Water chestnut
Chinese water chestnut Notes: Water chestnuts are delightfully sweet and crisp- if you buy them fresh. You need to peel off their brown jackets and simmer them for five minutes before stir-frying. Tinned Water chestnuts are easily available but not nearly as good. If you use them, blanch them first in boiling water for thirty seconds.

Bulbs
Bulbs are also underground food stores which work in the same way as tubers.

The difference is that bulbs have thick fleshy leaves.


Keukenhof gardens near Amsterdam Holland.

Stargazer lily

Examples: snowdrop, crocus, daffodil, iris, lily, hyacinths, amaryllis, onion, garlic.

1. Sept.- Oct. Planting Time

The tulip bulbs are going to be planted twice as deep as the bulb is high. They have no roots at this stage.

4. Feb. March Growing Period

2. November Making Roots

The roots start growing out of the base, establish themselves taking nutrients from the soil. Mother bulbs get ready for winter.

The bulbs begin to change as the starch, or carbohydrates in them turns to sugar. As this occurs, the leaves and flower gradually push up-wards out of the bulb.

5. April May Blooming Time

The tulips are in bloom-they receive their nourishment from the roots-only the brown skin of the bulb remains as all of the energy has gone to the bloom.

6. May June Regeneration

After flowering the blooms are cut and the leaves are left on the plant. The new daughter-bulbs use the food in the leaves to grow.

7. July - Sept. Multiplying 3. Dec. - Jan.Cooling Period


Rest period. In order for bulbs to bloom in the spring they need weeks of at least 5oC. Frost at this time doesnt harm them.

Up to five small bulbs can be expected to grow out of the mother bulb. They form their roots slowly, and develop their blooms and leaves within the bulb, for next year's plant.

Runners
Runners are side shoots which grow out from the parent plant. Buds form at points along the runner and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants. Examples: spider plant (Anthericum), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa)

Flame violet
(Episcia reptans)

Collect Information Card Asexual Reproduction

Take short notes from it.

Activity
Advantages of asexual reproduction
Copy and complete the table. Summarizing advantages & disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction

Reproduction- advantages
Asexual
Genetically identical offspring (clones) which have parents strong characteristics (but weak ones also passed on) and are suited to their environment. Narrow distribution spreading over the area quickly as no vulnerable stages involved.

Sexual
Genetically different offspring- variation. More chance of survival if conditions change. Wide distribution Reduces competition for water/light/nutrients as no dense growth around the parent. Using seeds allows the offspring to travel to new areas.

Clones

A clone is the name given to the genetically identical plants produce from a single parent plant. They are formed during asexual reproduction only.

Artificial Propagation
People can make use of plants ability to reproduce asexually (instead of using seeds) by using methods of artificial propagation such as: - Cuttings - Graftings Again this produces genetically identical offspring (clones).

Cuttings
Cuttings are small pieces of stem with some leaves attached, the new plant grows from this.

They can be placed in moist soil or water (and sometimes dipped in rooting powder).

Grafting

A cut stem of one plant (with good flower or fruit growth) (the graft) is taken and firmly attached to the rootstock of another plant (which has a strong, established root system) (the stock). Examples- roses, fruit trees

Grafting- advantages

Allows you to clone the commercial qualities of a particular fruit variety on another tree. Seed trees have highly variable fruit quality. They come into production much earlier (2-3 years) than trees grown from seed (5-10 years).

Activity
The effect of rooting powder on cuttings
Collect some graph paper and work through the problem solving activity

Activity
Artificial propagation- commercial advantages

Commercial aspects
Artificial propagation has allowed us to adapt and improve plants for our own use. Some of the benefits include:
Quick production of large numbers of genetically identical plants. Specific varieties, desired features or consistent quality can be produced especially in fruit, flowers.

Quick Test-C
1. How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction? 2. Name 3 ways in which plants reproduce asexually. 3. Give 2 examples of plants that reproduce asexually by producing runners. 4. What term is used to describe a population of genetically identical plants? 5. Name 2 common methods of artificial propagation. 6. Give the commercial advantages of artificial propagation.

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Quick Test-C answer key 1. How many parents are involved in asexual reproduction? One 2. Name 3 ways in which plants reproduce asexually.

Runners, tubers, bulbs

3. Give 2 examples of plants that reproduce asexually by producing runners.

Spider plant, strawberry


4. What term is used to describe a population of genetically identical plants? Clones 5. Name 2 common methods of artificial propagation. Cuttings, grafting 6. Give the commercial advantages of artificial propagation. Quick method, producing large numbers of
plants, of known quality and specific variety

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