Introduction to DWDM

Achieving Higher Bandwidth

Install New Fiber Invest in new TDM technologies to achieve higher Bandwidth Deploy DWDM System

Expensive Very Expensive

Economical

Why DWDM Networking?

Fibre Exhaust: Unlimited bandwidth on a fibre pair Bit Rate Transparency Format/Protocol Transparency : IP, ATM etc. Efficient use. Minimal Capital Expenditure : Capacity Expansions Demand Simpler Operations.

Economics of WDM
Saving of regeneration costs:

One optical amplifier can amplify many channels,

regeneration cost per channel drastically reduced Saving of fibers/fiber shortage Cost effective compared to laying new fibers

Advantages
Capacity up-gradation: Capacity of the DWDM systems can be up-graded easily by deploying higher channel capacity systems without laying of new fibers. Bit Rate Transparency: Different wave lengths from different systems can be transmitted simultaneously and independently over the same fiber. Economical: One optical amplifier is used for amplification of all the channels. Hence, per channel cost is drastically reduced as compared to providing regenerator for individual channels in SDH network. Extremely high transport capacity at low cost Multiple use of optical amplifiers yielding decreased investments and maintenance costs.

SDH

NE

Regenerators

SDH

NE

Fig.3. Situation without WDM

SDH NE

SDH NE

Optical Terminal MUX

Optical Amplifier

Optical Terminal MUX

Fig.4 Situation without WDM

Advantages
Quick Deployment: DWDM Systems can be deployed

using existing fibers.

Wave length Routing: By using wave length sensitive optical routing devices, it is possible to route any wave length to any station. Wave length Switching: Wave length Switching can be

accomplished by using optical Add/Drop Multiplexers,

Optical cross connect, Wave length converters.

DWDM Limitations

DWDM transmission is analog.

The in line amplifiers are also analog.

This implies that the signal to noise ratio worsens with distance.

To keep the BER within limits. The signals are required to be 3r processed in electrical domain.

Fiber dispersion is another limitation.

DWDM
DWDM is a technology in which a number of optical wave lengths are combined and then transmitted in a single fiber. Single fiber is for transmitting more than one optical signal simultaneously.

DWDM Basics

SINGLE FIBRE

SDH OPTICAL SIGNALS

BLOCK SCHEMATIC
OPTICAL SIGNALS. STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 ATM IP

Tx

1 2
. . . .

MUX
W D M

DEMUX

Rx

OFA

16

W D M

TRANSPONDERS

BLOCK SCHEMATIC

The Following Steps Describes The Above System :

1. The Transponder accepts input in the form of standard single mode or multimode laser. The input can from different physical media , different protocols and traffic types. 2. The wave length of each input signal is mapped to a DWDM wave length. 3. DWDM wave lengths from the transponder are multiplexed in to a single optical signal and launched in to the fiber.

4. A post-amplifier boosts the strength of the optical signal as it leaves the system.

5. Optical amplifiers are used along the fiber span as needed. 6. A Pre-amplifier boosts the optical signal before it enters the end system. 7. The incoming signal is de-multiplexed into individual

DWDM wave lengths.

8. The individual DWDM wave lengths are mapped to the required output type and sent out through the

transponder.

DWDM Components
Transponder Multiplexers (Combiner) De-multiplexers (Splitter)

Optical Fiber Amplifier (OFA)

Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Optical cross connector (OXC) Optical supervisory channel (OSC)

Transponder
Transmit Transponder : The function of Transmit transponder is to convert the incoming optical signal into pre-defined optical wave length. The transponder first converts the optical signal to an electrical signal and performs Re-shaping, Re-timing and Re-transmitting functions or (3R Functions). The electrical signal is then used to drive the LASER, which generates the optical wave length as per ITU Grid.

The output from all the transponders is fed to the combiner in order to combine all optical channels in optical domain.

Transponder
Receive Transponder : Individual wave lengths are first split from the combined optical signal with help of splitter and then fed to individual receive transponders. The receive transponder converts the optical signal to electrical , does 3R functions and finally convert the signal back into optical

TRANSPONDER / TRANSLATOR / WAVELENGTH CONVERTOR

Input

O/E

Electrical REGENERATION

E/O

Predefined output

Signal Direction : ITU -GRID

DWDM sending a large number of closely spaced optical signals over a single fiber. Standards developed by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union) define the exact optical wavelength used for DWDM applications.

The center of the DWDM band lies at 193.1 THz and centre wave length of 1552.52nm with standard channel spacing of 200 GHz and 100 GHz. Standard" Channel spacing is 100 GHz allows transmission of 45 channels on one fiber.

Channel Spacing and Optical Wave Length : 200 GHz = 1.6 nm 100 GHz = 0.8 nm 50 GHz = 0.4 nm When spacing the wave lengths more closely, typically at 50 GHz : Double the no. of channels, because of closure spacing, the more channel cross talk results.

0.4 nm 50 GHz

1510.0 nm 1528.77nm 198.6THz 196.10THz 1480.0 nm 202.6THz Fig.2. Wavelength Plan for 50 GHz Grid

1560.61 nm 192.1 THz

ITU-T BAND ALLOCATION

Optical Supervisory channel

C BAND
BLUE BAND RED BAND
1565

L BAND

1500

1520

1530

1542 1547

1620

CONVENTIONAL BAND = 1530 TO 1565 NM LONG BAND = 1565 TO 1620 NM ERBIUM DOPED FIBRE AMPLIFIERS SUITABLE FOR C BAND.

ITU T G.692 Frequency Grid

Nominal Central (THz) 196.1 196.0 195.9 195.8 195.7 Central (nm) 1528.77 1529.55 1530.33 1531.12 1531.90 Nominal Central (THz) 194.7 194.6 194.5 194.4 194.3 Central (nm) 1539.77 1540.56 1541.35 1542.14 1542.92 Nominal Central (THz) 193.3 193.2 193.1 193.0 192.9 Central (nm) 1550.92 1551.72 1552.52 1553.33 1554.13

195.6
195.5 195.4 195.3 195.2 195.1 195.0 194.9 194.8

1532.68
1533.47 1534.25 1535.04 1535.82 1536.61 1537.40 1538.19 1539.77

194.2
194.1 194.0 193.9 193.8 193.7 193.6 193.5 193.4

1543.73
1544.53 1545.32 1546.12 1546.92 1547.72 1548.51 1549.32 1550.12

192.8
192.7 192.6 192.5 192.4 192.3 192.2 192.1

1554.94
1555.75 1556.55 1557.36 1558.17 1558.98 1559.79 1560.61

Optical Amplifier
The optical amplifier is used to amplify all the wave
lengths at once and boost the signal power after multiplexing and before de-multiplexing.

The fiber optic amplifier component of the DWDM

system provides a cost efficient method of taking in and amplifying optical signals without converting them into electrical signals.

DWDM amplifies a broad range of wavelengths in the

1550 nm region.

Requirements of an Optical Ideal Amplifier:

Provide high gain

Have wide spectral band width

Provide uniform gain

Allow Bi-directional amplification

Add minimum noise and Low cost

Have low insertion loss No cross talk and no interference between components Good conversion efficiency

AMPLIFIER using in DWDM systems:

Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)

Advantages of EDFA
Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operate at 1550 nm
wavelengths that reduce fiber loss and minimize dispersion

effects.
EDFAs are ability to amplify multiple wavelength channels without crosstalk penalty.

Highly efficient
Low in noise Low cost Flat gain Wide bandwidth Polarization independency.

OPTICAL AMPLIFIER

Pump (980 or 1480 nm at 3 W)

Coupler EDFA

Weak signal in
Fiber Isolation Fiber

Amplified signal out

isolation

Fiber

Multiplexers and De-multiplexers

DWDM systems send signals from several sources
through a single fiber.

The multiplexer takes optical wave lengths from multiple

fibers and converges them into one beam.

At the receiving end the De-multiplexer separates the

single beam into its wave length components and coupling them into individual fibers.

These devices (MUX / DEMUX) is to minimize crosstalk

and maximize channel separation and interference.

Add/drop multiplexer (OADM)

OADM can remove or insert one or more wave
lengths.

Rather than combining or separating all the wave

lengths, the OADM can remove some while passing the others.

OADM only can do optical wave lengths are added

and dropped but no conversion of the signal from optical to electrical.

Wayside Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer

TM TM

1 2 15

WDM MUX
O A

WDM DEMUX
O A

16

1-4

5-8

OADM

OPTICAL CROSS CONNECT :

OXC can take four input fibers each carrying four wave

lengths and rearrange the 16 wave lengths on to the four

output fibers. A wave length can arrive on one fiber and leave on another fiber. A wave length can also change by a transponder in

OXC will shuffle one of the arrived wave lengths and

transmits another wave length to an available channel.

OPTICAL CROSSCONNECT

SWITCH MATRIX

T T T T T T T T

INPUT FIBRE LINKS

WAVELENGTH TRIBUTARY ADAPTATION LINKS

MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical-systems)

In a MEMS optical switch, a micro-mirror is used to reflect a light beam. The direction in which the light beam is reflected can be changed by rotating the mirror to different angles, allowing the input light to be connected to any output port. This type of optical switch has been realized for the first time through the fusion of various techniques such as micromachining techniques for fabricating the mirror, optical design techniques for achieving low-loss optical connections, and control techniques for positioning the mirror accurately.

Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS):
1. Configurable 2. Reconfigurable

MEMS

Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC)

Line Terminal Equipment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

In-line Amplifier

Line Terminal Equipment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Tx 1 Tx 2 Tx 3 Tx 4 Tx 5 Tx 6 Tx 7 Tx 8

Rx Rx Rx

Rx
Rx Rx Rx Rx

+ supervisory Tx sup

Rx

Tx

Rx sup

System Control Processor

OSC

System Control Processor

Network Management

Network Management

DATA OUT

DATA IN

N. Mary SDE RTTC Hyderabad Mobile no: 9490282822 Email id: nannam.mary@gmail.com

P. Munigangadharam JTO RTTC Hyderabad Mobile no: 9490182966

Email id: munigangadharam@gmail.com

Thank You