DC Meters

still in Chapter 02

Warm-ups
stand-up 3x. sit down and relax. listening to a song by Halim Yazid titled: ingat sokmo hok mok pesan. take a deep breath.

Objectives
At the end of this chapter, the

students should be able to:

explain the meaning of electrical meters. explain the purpose of shunts across a meter. calculate the value of shunt resistors across a meter.

Outlines
Introduction: What is a meter?. Pmmc in a DC Ammeter. Ammeter Insertion Effects.

Introduction
What are meters? Meters are used to measure current and voltage. The meter most likely encountered will be a single low range meter such as 0 - 1 mA full deflection meter of the D'Arsonval type. The d'Arsonval type meter works on the principle a coil of wire to which a pointer is attached is pivoted between the poles of a permanent magnet.

Introduction
What are meters? When current flows through the coil, it sets up a magnetic field that interacts with the field of the magnet to cause the coil to turn. The meter pointer deflects in direct proportion to the current. This meter is called an ammeter.

Introduction

Figure 1: A typical 0 to 1mA ammeter.

DC Ammeter
DC Ammeter a device used to measure current. put in series/ parallel with the circuit. very common in lab. use unit Ampere (A)/ mA. used the principle of the dArsonval meter movement with slight modification.

DC Ammeter
DC Ammeter placing a LOW resistance in PARALLEL with the meter movement resistance to increase the range of current that can be measured by the meter. Rsh = shunt resistor. Rm = meter movement resistance.

DC Ammeter
Ish current tru the shunt. Im full-scale deflection current of meter movement. I full-scale deflection current for the ammeter.
Figure 2: dArsonval used in DC Ammeter circuit.

DC Ammeter
Vm = Im*Rm Vsh = Vm Ish = I Im
Figure 2: dArsonval used in DC Ammeter circuit. (single range only).

Rsh = Vsh /Ish = Im*Rm /Ish = Im/(I -Im)*Rm

DC Ammeter
Example 2-1 Calculate the value of the shunt resistance required to convert a 1-mA meter movement, with a 100- internal resistance, into a 0- to 10-mA ammeter.

DC Ammeter
Example 2-2 A 100-mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 800- is used in 0- to 100-mA ammeter. Find the value of the required shunt resistance.

Ayrton Shunt
Also known as the universal shunt. Used on a multiple range ammeter. It eliminates the possibility of the meter movements being in the circuit without any shunt resistance. It maybe used with a wide range of meter movements.

Ayrton Shunt
Im
Rm

I - Im

Rc

Rb

Ra

I2
5A

I3 I
10A 1A

I1

Fig. 3: An Ammeter using Ayrton shunt.

Ayrton Shunt
Im
Rm

From figure; (Rb+Rc)(I2-Im) = Im (Ra+Rm)

I - Im

Rc

Rb

Ra

I2(Rb+Rc) - Im(Rb+Rc) = Im [Rsh-(Rb+Rc) + Rm)

I2(Rb+Rc) - Im(Rb+Rc) = ImRsh- Im(Rb+Rc) + ImRm. Thus; Rb+Rc= Im(Rsh+Rm) / I2 Ra = Rsh (Rb+Rc) Rc = Im(Rsh+Rm) / I3 (1) (2) (3)

I2
5A

I3 I
10A 1A

I1

Fig. 3: An Ammeter using Ayrton shunt.

Ayrton Shunt
Remember:

n = I / Im Rsh = Rm / (n-1) ; n 20.

Ayrton Shunt
Im
Rm

I - Im

Rc

Rb

Ra

I2
5A

I3 I
10A 1A

I1

Example 2.3: Compute the value of the shunt resistors for the circuit. Given that Rm = 1k, Im = 100 mA, I1=10mA, I2=100mA, I3=1A. Check : Rsh = Ra + Rb + Rc always!

Fig. 3: An Ammeter using Ayrton shunt.

Ammeter Insertion Effects

A frequently overlooked source of error in measurements. All ammeters contain some internal resistance. inserting an Ammeter in a circuit always increases the resistances of the circuit, therefore reduces the measured current in the circuit. The error caused by the meter depends on the value of resistances in Ammeter and also the measured circuit.

Ammeter Insertion Effects

R1 R1

E
Rm

Fig.4a: Expected current in a simple circuit.

Fig.4b: Expected current in a series circuit with an ammeter.

I = E / R1

I = E / (R1+Rm)

Ammeter Insertion Effects

Example 2.4: A current meter having an internal resistance of 88 is used to measure the current trough Rc in figure below. Determine the percentage of error due to the ammeter insertion. Given that Ra=Rb=Rc= 1k
Ra

E = 5V

Rb

Rc

Summary
In this chapter, we have discussed about : introduction to electrical meters. shunt resistor in a single-range Ammeter. universal shunt in multiple-range Ammeter. calculation of shunt resistors. ammeter insertion effects.

Conclusion
Also known as the universal shunt. Used on a multiple range ammeter. It eliminates the possibility of the meter movements being in the circuit without any shunt resistance. It maybe used with a wide range of meter movements.

Evaluation
Quiz.