Soil Transmitted Helminths

Ascaris

Trichiuris

Hookworm

Common Parasites
Ameoba Filariasis
STRONGYLO IDES

Gardia Lambia

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aSCARIS

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aSCARIS
Most common intestinal nematode of man. Giant roundworm Occurs most frequently in the tropics Soil-transmitted helminth Contribute to impairment of cognitive performances and growth of children. Reduce work capacity and productivity.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Epidemiology
Risk infection exists wherever fecal disposal is improper. Children are particularly vulnerable Ascaris is prominent parasite in both temperate and tropical zones, more prevalent in areas where sanitation is poor. Level of transmission from soil to humans depends more on socio-economic factors than physical factors.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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MALE Measures 10 to 31cm Whitish or pinkish Have ventrally curved posterior end with two spicules Have a single, long, tortuous tubule.

FEMALE Measures 22 to 35cm With smooth striated cuticles Have paired reproductive organs in the posterior two-thirds
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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LARVA Hatch in the lumen of the small intestine and penetrate the intestinal wall. Can enter the venules and go to the liver, to the heart and pulmonary vessels where they break out of capillaries to enter air sacs Eggs are deposited in the soil when a person with Ascaris infection defecates indiscriminately.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Transmission

Infection occurs by swallowing food contaminated with Ascaris eggs from feces.
Source: www.schoolsandhealth.org

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Transmission
The larvae hatch in the intestine, burrow through the gut wall, and migrate to the lungs through the blood system. The larvae pass through the stomach for a second time into the intestine where they mature into adult worms.

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Clinical Manifestation
Discovered by: Stool examination Spontaneous passing of worms in stool

Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Comparison on the Level of Infection

Level of infection during larval migration moderate infections in preschool children heavy infections Serious infection [ erratic migration of adult worms]

effect Eosinophilia Latose intolerance

Bowel obstruction Worms regurgitated and vomited May escape through the nostrils or rarely, inhaled into the trachea

Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Comparison on the Level of Infection

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COMPLICATION Biliary Ascaris Appendicitis Pancreatitis

Pathology Movement of worms inside the biliary tract Worms lodge in the appendix Worms occlude in the pancreatic duct.

Symptom Colicky abdominal pain Abdominal pain Pain that radiates from the front of the abdomen through to the back. a smooth swelling under your skin that can feel hard or firm

Abscesses

Produced when intestinal bacteria is carried to the migration site

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COMPLICATION
Peritonitis

Pathology
Penetration of worms through the intestinal wall into the peritoneal cavity Ascaris infection Ascaris infection Ascaris infection Continuous biting or pricking of the intestinal mucosa for food by Ascaris Adult Ascaris, during extraintestinal migration may obstruct the pancreatic duct

Swelling of the abdomen

Volvulus Intussusception Obstruction Intestinal Obstruction Acute pancreatitis

Abdominal pain Abdominal pain Intestinal spasm

Pain that radiates from the front of the abdomen through to the back.

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Ascariasis
Ascariasis is an infection with an
intestinal worm. With the following symptoms: Dry cough and fever Wheezing Abdominal cramps Vomiting Poor nutrition, especially in children Passing a worm either by mouth, nose, or rectum
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com

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Treatment
Individual infections are cured by single dose of broad-spectrum anthelminthics: Albendazole Mebendazole Pyrantel pamoate
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Prevention
Prevention includes the following: Practice good hygiene Correct sanitary disposal of feces Health education

Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/

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TriChiuris

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Trichiuris
A worm that causes trichuriasis when it infects a human large intestine. Often referred to as whipworm soil transmitted helminth classified as holomyarian, based on the arrangement of somatic muscles in cross-section where the cells are small, numerous, and closely packed in a narrow zone.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Epidemiology
Occur in both temperate and tropical countries, widely distributed in warm, moist areas of the world. Prevalence: Temperate countries: 20 30% Tropical countries: 60 85% Philippines: 80 84% Children age 5-15 years of age are more frequently infected than adults.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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MALE Measure: 30-45mm long Has a coiled posterior with a single spicule and retractile shealth. FEMALE Measure: 35-50mm long Has bluntly rounded posterior Lays approximately 3,000-10,000 eggs per day. Average lifespan of 2 years
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Adult Inhabit the large intestine. Entire whip-like portion is deeply embedded into the intestinal wall of the cecum. Worms undergo four larval stages in the small intestine. No heart-lung migration
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Transmission
Poor hygiene is associated with trichuriasis transmission, and children are especially vulnerable because of their high exposure risk.

Source: http://emedicine.medscape.com/

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Transmission
Ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated soils, hands, food, or water

Source: http://www.msdsonline.com/

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Affecting Transmission
Affecting transmission: Indiscriminate defecation of children around yards. Frequent contact between fingers and soil among children at play Poor health education Poor personal, family and community hygiene
Source: http://www.msdsonline.com/

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COMPLICATION Petechial haemorrhages Rectal prolapsed Appendicitis/Granulomas Edematous Enterorrhagia Severe Diarrhea/dysenteric syndrome Symptomatic

Pathology When worms embedded in the mucosa Heavily infected Lumen of the appendix may be filled with worms.

More than 20,000 eggs per gram found in the feces Over 5,000 T.trichiura eggs per gram

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Trichinosis
A disease caused by eating undercooked meat, usually pork, that contains trichinae, which develop as adults in the intestines and as larvae in the muscles, causing intestinal disorders, fever, nausea, muscular pain, and edema of the face.
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com

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Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis is possible only in very heavy chronic Trichuris infection patient suffers: Frequent blood-streaked diarrhea Abdominal pain and tenderness Rectal prolapsed (adult worms attached to the rectal mucosa can be seen.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Treatment
Mebendazole Albendazole Ivermectin + albendazole
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Infection in highly endemic areas may be prevented by: Treatment of infected individuals Sanitary disposal of human feces by construction of toilets and their proper use Washing of hands with soap and water before and after meals. Health education on sanitation and personal hygiene Thorough washing and scalding of uncooked vegetables especially in areas where night soil is used as fertilizer.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Hookworm

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Hookworm
2 hookworm that infect men: Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale They are blood sucking nematodes that attach to the mucosa of the small intestine. Commonly found in tropical and subtropical countries
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Necator americanus
Adult Small, cylindrical, fusiform, grayish-white nematodes Female Larger than males Male Posterior end has a broad, membranous caudal bursa, with rib-like rays, which are used for copulation.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Ancylostoma duodenale
Adult Larger than N.americanus Single paired male and female reproductive organs.

Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Hookworm life cycle is direct and begins with the adult worms copulating while attached to the mucosa of the small intestines.
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Transmission
You can get hookworms by walking barefoot over contaminated soil.

Source: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/

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Transmission
Once larvae have broken through your skin, they enter your bloodstream and are carried to your lungs.
The larvae migrate from your lungs to your windpipe and are then swallowed and carried back down to your small intestine.
Source: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/

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Pathogenesis
Pathology of hookworm infections involves: The skin at the site of entry of the filariform larvae The lung during larval migration Small intestine, the habitat of the adult worm
Source: Phil. Textbook of medical parasitology 2nd edition

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Hookworm Disease
Once established within the intestine, the adult worms can cause pain, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and weight loss. Anemia is the most serious complication of hookworm disease and children can suffer from heart problems, mental retardation, slowed growth, and delayed sexual development. In infants, hookworm disease can be deadly.

Source: http://www.faqs.org/

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Treatment
Parasite-killing medications such as albendazole, mebendazole, or pyrantel pamoate are usually prescribed. Ivermectin, used for other worm infections, does not work for hookworm infections.
Source: http://health.nytimes.com

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If you are in an area where hookworm disease is common, or where human feces may be in the soil or sand, you: Should not walk barefoot on the soil or sand Should not touch the soil or sand with your bare hands

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aMOEBiAsis

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Amoeba
The amoeba is a tiny, one-celled organism. Amoebas live in fresh water in salt water, in wet soil, and in animals . Amoebas move by changing the shape of their body, forming pseudopods
Source: www.scienceclarified.com

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Anatomy: An amoeba consists of a single blobby cell surrounded by a porous cell membrane. Reproduction: Amoebas reproduce asexually by binary fission. Diet: Amoebas eat algae, bacteria, plant cells, and microscopic protozoa and metazoa - some amoebas are parasites.

Source: www.scienceclarified.com

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Transmission
Amoebiasis can be transmitted by: ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing amoebic cysts ingestion after fecal contamination of hands contaminated raw vegetables Unprotected oral-anal sexual contact.

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Amebiasis
Amebiasis is a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It can affect anyone, although it is more common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions.

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Symptoms
Symptoms of amebiasis include: diarrhea abdominal pain Cramping Fever pain in the region of the liver

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Diagnosis
Diagnostic tools may include: Medical history, physical examination, lab tests, and stool studies Blood tests Sigmoidoscopy Radiological studies

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Treatment
Drugs may include: Metronidazole Paromomycin Iodoquinol diloxanide furoate

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Reduced chances of acquiring amebiasis by: Drinking only water that has been bottled in sanitary conditions or boiled (waterpurifying tablets are ineffective against amebic cysts) Eating only cooked or peeled vegetables or fruits Protecting food from fly contamination Washing hands after defecation and before preparing or eating food.

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Filariasis

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Causes:
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa (the eye worm), Mansonella streptocerca, and Onchocerca volvulus. Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms Mansonella perstans andMansonella ozzardi

Source: www.scienceclarified.com

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Epidemiology
Filariasis is endemic in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central, South America and Pacific Island nations, with more than 120 million people infected and one billion people at risk for infection.

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Transmission
The disease is transmitted from man through several genera and species of mosquitoes commonly the female Aedes Poecilius.

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Filariasis
Filariasis (Philariasis) is a parasitic and infectious tropical disease, that is caused by thread-like filarial nematode worms in the superfamily Filarioidea, also known as "filariae". There are 9 known filarial nematodes which use humans as the definitive host.
Source: http://www.news-medical.net/health

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Filariasis

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Complications
complication of filariasis is swelling of certain areas of the body resulting in physical disfigurement. longstanding inflammation of lymphatic system may cause its loss of functioning
Source: http://www.privatehealth.co.uk/

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Treatment
The recommended treatment for killing adult filarial worms in patients outside the United States is albendazole (a broad spectrum anthelmintic) combined with ivermectin.
Source: http://www.news-medical.net

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Prevention and Control

1. Chemotherapy: Diethylcarbamazine can be given to every one in endemic areas or to those who are microfilaria positive.

Source: http://www.preservearticles.com

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Prevention and Control

2. Vector control: (a) Using larvicides like abate and baytex. (b) Anti adult measures like pyrethrum spray.

Source: http://www.preservearticles.com

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Prevention and Control

3. Health education: About good drainage, antimosquitoe measures and filariasis treatment.

Source: http://www.preservearticles.com

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STRONGYLOIDES

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STRONGYLOIDES
found in rural areas, institutional settings, and lower socioeconomic groups.
Strongyloides is a relatively common infection of wild and domestic animals.

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Epidemiology
S. stercoralis infections of humans is often up to 5% in endemic areas with this typically concentrated in younger individuals, with the occasional occurrence of higher prevalence.

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Transmission
The primary mode of infection is through contact with soil that is contaminated with free-living larvae. When the larvae come in contact with skin, they are able to penetrate it and migrate through the body. The eggs of Strongyloides hatch into larvae in the intestine.
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/

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Strongyloidiasis
A disease caused by a nematode, or a roundworm, in the genus Strongyloides. Strongyloides stercoralis is the primary species that accounts for human disease.

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/

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Strongyloidiasis

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Symptoms
Majority have no symptoms. Those who developed symptoms have general complaints like: Abdominal pain Bloating Heartburn Episodes of diarrhea Dry cough Constipation Kidney problems Heart conditions
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/

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Treatment
Eliminate the worms with anti-worm medications such as: ivermectin albendazole

Source: http://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/

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Prevention
The best way to prevent Strongyloides: Wear shoes when you are walking on soil Avoid contact with fecal matter or sewage Proper sewage disposal and fecal management are keys to prevention.

Source: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/

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Giardia Lambia

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Giardia Lambia
found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals. has been found in as many as 80% of raw water supplies from lakes, streams, and ponds and in as many as 15% of filtered water samples.
Source: www.scienceclarified.com

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Transmission
Giardia transmission occurs when a person accidentally ingests the Giardia parasite.

Source: http://diarrhea.emedtv.com/giardia/giardia-transmission.html

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Transmission
1. Ingesting something that has come into contact with the feces with Giardia. 2. Swallowing recreational water contaminated with Giardia. 3. Accidentally swallowing Giardia picked up from surfaces contaminated with feces from an infected person. 4. Eating uncooked food contaminated with Giardia.
Source: http://diarrhea.emedtv.com/giardia/giardia-transmission.html

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Giardiasis
Giardiasis is a major diarrheal disease found throughout the world. The flagellate protozoan Giardia intestinalis (previously known as G lamblia), its causative agent. Infection is more common in children than in adults.

Source: http://www.news-medical.net/health

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Symptoms
People exposed to Giardia may experience: mild or severe diarrhea Fever is rarely present. (Occasionally) chronic diarrhea Weight loss.

Source: http://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/

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Treatment
Antibiotics such as Metronidazole Tinidazole nitazoxanide furazolidone

Source: http://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/

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Prevention
Three important preventive measures are: 1. Carefully wash hands thoroughly after toilet visits. 2. Carefully dispose of sewage wastes so as not to contaminate surface water or groundwater. 3. Avoid consuming untreated water from springs, streams or lakes.
Source: http://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/

Recommendation

Our group, has concluded that the diseases caused by soil helminths and other common parasites are transmitted not only because of:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Food contamination Poor personal, family, and community hygiene Accidental ingestion Poor health education Barefoot Eating uncooked food Mosquito bite
But also of an individuals complacency and carelessness. Therefore, we recommend

To the individuals: We recommend that the individual should have no compromise when it comes to hygiene. Make sure to avoid the above mentioned common transmissions. We should take it upon ourselves to be an example to other people by proper information dissemination. We should take extra preventive measures since prevention is always better than cure.

To the community: We recommend that the community should be united in thought and in action for the correct implementation of the preventive measures. Proper education also needs to be experienced, so as to have a wider knowledge on the helminths or parasite itself, its mode of transmission, and cure.

To the government: We recommend that the government should take into account the implementation of the prevention measures, by proper encouragement and work delegation. Since most of these diseases affect the people who do not have the financial capability to acquire preventive measures, the government should somehow set out programs and special seminars in the unfortunate areas.

Hand Hygiene

Proper Hand Washing

The use of sanitizers and hand alcohol

Cutting of long fingernails

Basic Outdoor Protection

Wear gloves while gardening

Dont go out with barefoot

Personal Hygiene

Food Precautions

Making sure that the food is well cooked.

Assure clean origin of the raw ingredients.

Making sure that the food or water is free from impurities.

END
Dy * Sumatra * Fernandez * Feniza * Dano * Parcia