Ch # 1 Introduction to CAD

S G Patel Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering SRPEC

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Comparison

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CAD/CAM contents and tools

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Applications in Mechanical Designs

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Sculptured Surface Design and Modeling

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Visual Reality in Architectural Design

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Motion Animation and Simulation

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Applications in Stress Analysis

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Hardware in CAD
CAD Workstation
1) Display device 2) Input device

Output Devices Central Processing Unit Storage Device

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Input Devices
Keyboard Mouse Light pen Joystick Digitizer Tablet
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Alpha Numeric Keyboard

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Standard Mouse Types

mechanical, optical and opto-mechanical Mechanical - a free floating ball with rubber coating on the underside

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 In the case of the optical mouse, a special reflective plane surface with etched fine grids is required. The LEDs present inside the mouse (in place of the rubber ball) would reflect the number of grid lines crossed in the X and Y directions, thereby showing the distance moved. The operation of the optomechanical mouse is similar to that of the mechanical mouse, but the position resolvers used are based on the optical principle.
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Light pen
A light pen resembles a fountain pen in the method of holding, but it works on the principle of light rather than ink, hence the name. Light pens are used only to detect the presence of light on the screen, as shown in Fig. with the help of a light-detecting resistor.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Joystick
A joystick can also be used to control the onscreen cursor movement. A joystick can indicate the direction, speed and duration of the cursor motion, by the movement of the stick, which contains a ball seated in a spherical cavity, held in position by the operator.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Digitizer
A digitizer is the most widely used input medium by the CAD designer. It is used for converting the physical locations into coordinate values so that accurate transfer of data can be achieved The designer can work with any pointing device similar to a pen, and do normal writing on the tablet as if he were doing so on a drawing board. The movement of the pen tip would be communicated onto the screen, which the designer can modify depending on the software at his disposal
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3D Digitizer with Operating Software

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Typical Image scanners and 3D image scanner

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Touch Panel

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Hard Copy Devices

Graphical printers, Plotters

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Graphical printers
Impact dot matrix printer Thermal transfer Ink jet printer Laser printer Colour copiers

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Impact dot matrix printer

the print head consists of a vertical bank of needles (9, 12 or 24) which moves horizontally over the paper. At each of the horizontal positions, any of the pins in the print head can make ink marks by hitting the paper through a ribbon. Thus, from the image on the screen, each of the pixel corresponds to the pin position as it moves over the entire page. Their cost is comparatively low, but a major disadvantage is their noise because of the impact of the pins on the paper. S G Patel Asst. Prof.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Thermal transfer
It uses a special ribbon positioned between the paper and print head. The ribbon is a roll of thin polymer material. Spots of the dye are transformed from the heat-sensitive ribbon to the paper underneath.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Ink jet printer

This does not make use of any ribbon but shoots a jet of ink directly onto the paper, as the pin impact of the dot matrix print head there would be a bank of ink nozzles positioned vertically, as the pins of an impact dot matrix print head. Otherwise, the rest of the mechanism is identical to the impact dot matrix printer.
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

 Ink from the reservoir terminates in 12 tiny holes, arranged vertically facing the paper. As the print head moves horizontally the droplets of ink are shot wherever required. Behind each hole is a small heating element which, when turned on vaporises the ink partially, causing a force inside the cartridge, to eject the ink onto the paper.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Laser printer
The laser printer is essentially an electrostatic plain paper copier with the difference that the drum surface is written by a laser beam.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

 A semiconductor laser beam scans the electrostatically charged drum with a rotating 18sided mirror (560 revolutions per minute). This writes on the drum a number of points (at 300 dots per inch) which are similar to pixels. When the beam strikes the drum in the wrong way round for printing a positive image, reversing it, then toner powder is released. The toner powder sticks to the charged positions of the drum, which is then transformed to a sheet of paper and bonded to it by heat.

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Plotters
Pen plotters Electrostatic plotters

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 The plotter is the widely accepted output device for the final output All plotters will have a range of pens available, which can be changed under program control. Pens of any colour or of different width writing can be used depending upon the output desired. The types of pens used arefibre tip, roller ball or liquid ink

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

 flat bed and drum type. In the flat bed plotter, the paper is held in a fixed position by means of vacuum or electrostatic force. The pen carriage would move in both X and Y axes for making the necessary plot. any kind of paper is acceptable very expensive the plot size is limited by the bed size of the plotter.

Pen plotters

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

 The drum plotter is slightly more complex. The Y motion of the plot being obtained by a rotating drum on which the paper is held with the help of sprocket holes of a standard size. The X movement of the pen is arrived at by moving it in a direction perpendicular to the drum motion. The plotters of the present generation are almost all of the drum type with the variation that the paper feeding is done by means of friction feed (pinch rollers).
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Electrostatic plotters
The electrostatic plotter uses the pixel as a drawing means, like the raster display device. The plotter head consists of a large number of tiny styluses (as high as 21,760) embedded into it. This head traverses over the width of the paper as it rolls past the head to make the drawing. These styluses cause electrostatic charges at the required dot positions to make the drawing.
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Typical configuration of a workstation

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Configuration of server

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Configuration of local work stations

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Display Devices
Cathode ray tube (CRT) display, Plasma panel display Liquid crystal display (LCD). Laser Operated Display

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CRT Display
Stroke-writing Raster scan.

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Operation of an electron gun with an accelerating anode

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Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Operation of CRT
The operation of CRT is based on the concept of energizing an electron beam that strikes the phosphor coated screen at a very high speed. The energy transfer from the electrons to the phosphor due to the impact causes it to illuminate and glow. The negatively charged cathode is heated until electrons generated in a diverging clouds (as electrons repel each other) and then they are focused into a beam via the focusing unit.
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Types of Display Devices

Random Scan type display Raster Scan type display

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Random Scan System

The graphics (line segments) can be generated any where randomly on screen as per the choice of user input and software by not scanning in particular order

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Raster Scan System

The screen is scanned from left to right, top to bottom all the time to generate graphics

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 Disadvantages

Raster Display

Requires screen-sized memory array More patterns result when shadow-mask and dot-pitch frequencies are mismatched Convergence (varying angles of approach distance of ebeam across CRT face) Limit on practical size (< 40 inches) Spurious X-ray radiation Occupies a large volume

Advantages
Allows solids to be displayed Leverages low-cost CRT H/W (TVs) Whole Screen is constantly updated Bright light-emitting display technology
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Review of Display devices

Direct-View Storage Tube (DVST): Use the stroke-writing approach to generate the image the ability of the screen to retain the image which has been projected against it, is the use of an electron flood gun directed at the phosphor coated screen
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Review of Display devices

Random Scan: the stroke-writing approach to generate the image on the CRT screen. the image must be regenerated many times per second in order to avoid noticeable flicker Refresh Buffer memory space allocated to store the display list or display program for the display processor to draw the picture
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Review of Display devices

Raster scan display Raster scan terminals operate by causing an electron beam to trace a zigzag pattern across the viewing screen Refresh buffer (also called frame buffer) stores the drawing primitives in terms of points and pixels components Entire screen is a matrix of pixels Refresh/Frame buffer is also called Bit-plane
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

 Class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power requirements compared to a CRT. They are significantly thinner. Flat panels: i) emissive, ii) nonemissive. Emissive displays (or emitters) are devices that convert electrical energy into light. Ex. Plasma panels, thin-film electoluminescent displays, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Nonemissive flat-panel displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. Ex. Liquid-crystal device.
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Flat-Panel Displays

Plasma panels
Constructed by filling the region between glass plates with a mixture of gases, usually including neon. A series of vertical conducting ribbons is placed on one glass panel, horizontal on the other. Voltages are fired to an intersecting pair to break down a glowing plasma of electrons and ions. Refresh rate is 60 frames per sec.
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Display Technology: LCD

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Liquid crystal these compounds have a crystalline arrangement of molecules, yet they flow like a liquid LCSs are commonly used in small systems such as laptops, calculators LCDs: organic molecules, naturally in crystalline state, that liquify when excited by heat or E field Crystalline state twists polarized light 90

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LCD..
Produces a picture by passing polarized light from the surroundings or from an internal light source through a liquid-crystal material that can either block or transmit the light. The intersection of the two conductors defines a pixel position. Polarized light is twisted as it passes through the opposite polarizer. The light is then reflected back to the viewer. To turn off the pixel, voltage is applied to the two intersecting conductors to align the molecules so that the light is not twisted.
Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel

Asst. Prof. S G Patel