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Arrangement of
Electrons in Atoms
Electrons in atoms are arranged as
SHELLS (n)
SUBSHELLS (l)
ORBITALS (ml)
3
Arrangement of
Electrons in Atoms
Each orbital can be assigned no
more than 2 electrons!
This is tied to the existence of a 4th
quantum number, the electron
spin quantum number, ms.
4
Electron
Spin
Quantum
Number,
ms
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
Electron
Filling
Order
Figure 8.5
16
Electron cloud
for 1s electrons
18
value of l
value of n
19
Writing Atomic Electron
Configurations
Two ways of
writing ORBITAL BOX NOTATION
configs. Other for He, atomic number = 2
Arrows
is called the
2
1s
orbital box depict
electron
notation. spin
1s
Smaller orbitals.
Electrons held more
tightly.
23
Atomic Size
Figure 8.9
25
Kr
100
Ar
Ne
50
He
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Atomic Number
26
Ion Sizes
Does+the size
go+
Li,152 pm Li , 60 pm
3e and 3p up or down
2e and 3p
when losing an
electron to form
a cation?
27
Ion Sizes
+
Forming
Li,152 pm Li +
, 78 pm a cation.
3e and 3p 2e and 3 p
Ion Sizes
Does the size go up or
-
down when gaining an
F,64 pm F-electron
, 136 pmto form an
9e and 9p 10anion?
e and 9 p
29
Ion Sizes
-
Forming
F, 71 pm F-, 133 pm an anion.
9e and 9p 10 e and 9 p
Figure 8.13
31
Redox Reactions
Ar
1500 Kr
1000
500
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
H Li Na K
Atomic Number
35
Trends in Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
A few elements GAIN electrons to
form anions.
Electron affinity is the energy
change when an electron is added:
EA = 141 kJ
39
EA = 0 kJ
40
Atom EA
• Affinity for electron
increases across a F -328 kJ
period (EA becomes Cl -349 kJ
more negative). Br -325 kJ
• Affinity decreases down
a group (EA becomes I -295 kJ
less negative).
41