Presented by Ria Rushin Joseph MSc Physics

Standard Model

Fundemental forces of nature

Unification of forces of nature Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Higgs mechanism
The Higgs Boson Brief outline of LHC

does not incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity.

does not include dark matter particle.

does not account correctly for the neutrino oscillations.(also about their non zero masses) does not predict any masses of the particle , it simply predicts the existance of particles

Unification of Forces of Nature

Super Unified theories

Grand Unified theories Standard Electroweak theory(Standard Model)

Superunified theories- theory describing the

unification of all the four forces into a single force. Grandunified thoeries-weak,strong & electromagnetic forces. Standard Electroweak theory-weak & electromagnetic forces.

Loss of Unity in the Forces of Nature

Characterization Forces Unified Time Since Beginning Temperature (GeV)*

All 4 forces unified

Gravity, Strong, Electromagnetic, Weak

~0

~infinite

Gravity separates (Planck Scale)

Strong, Electromagnetic, Weak

10-43 s

1019

Strong force separates (GUTs Scale)

Electromagnetic, Weak

10-35 s

1014

Split of weak and electromagnetic forces

None

10-11 s

100

Present Universe

None

1010 y

10-12

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics

Yoichiro Nambu

 It is a spontaneous process by which a system in

a symmetrical state ends up in an asymmetrical state Agent : Higgs Field

Occurs at low temperature
Necessary to interpret the mass of elementary

particles.

Beginning of the Universe was amazingly symmetrical (infinite temperature)

Higgs field-agent of symmetry breaking

All particles were massless ,only a single force b/w particles Symmetry had to breakdown for particles to get mass A billionth of a second later universe began to cool down

 Kind of mass generation mechanism A process that give mass to elementary particles Particles gain mass by interacting Higgs field that

permeates all over the space.

The Higgs mechanism endows gauge boson in a gauge

theory with mass through absorption of Nambu Goldstone bosons arising in spontaneous symmetry breaking

 In the Standard Model, the phrase "Higgs mechanism"

refers specifically to the generation of masses for the W, and Z weak gauge bosons through electroweak symmetry breaking

Mexican hat or sombrero interpretation

David Miller INTERPRETATION(1993)

The Waldegrave Higgs challenge

David Miller of UCL won a bottle of champagne for the following:

Imagine a room full of political activists

The Prime Minister walks in

He is surrounded by a cluster of people

Analogous to generation of Mass

Imagine the same room again

A interesting rumour is introduced

Soon we have a cluster of people discussing it

Analogous to Higgs boson

Mexican hat or sombrero interpretation

Imagine a sombrero with a man at its top Mans viewpoint- Absolute symmetry only

His balance is fragile

Once he fall

1. Mans symmetry is spontaneously broken

2.Laws of physics are still symmetrical

Man at the top of the sombrero Higgs field

His elevation at the top Higgs field energy His horizontal location on the hat Intensity of field

Man at top,

Higgs field Maximum energy

Intensity of Higgs field=0

Man cant slide initially to down because of immense temperature. As temperature decreases he slides down to the rim of the sombrero.

Man at bottom,

Higgs field Minimum energy

Intensity of Higgs field=constant non zero value

A Weak charge of Higgs field impart mass to matter particles having a charge.(e g: electron, Gauge bosons etc) Particles missing a weak charge- no mass(e g: photon)

Messenger particle associated with Higgs field predicted by standard model

Predicted initially in 1964

Now 99% confirmation in july4th 2012

Mass= 133 times mass of proton(2.2 x 10^-27 kg)

E=125 GeV

No electric charge so no antiparticle

Very small life time (10^-22 s)

Suddenly disintegrate into 2 photons or into electrons,muons,tau ,their antiparticles Also called God particle-Leon Lederman-goddamn particle

Peter Higgs: Higgs is best known for his 1960s

proposal of broken symmetry in electroweak theory, explaining the origin of mass of elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular

Satyendra Nath Bose: In 1924, the citybased physicist had sent a paper to Albert Einstein, describing a statistical model that led to the discovery of the Bose-Einstein condensate phenomenon

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is located in a circular tunnel 27 km (17 miles) in circumference. The tunnel is buried around 100 m (about the size of a football field) underground.

It straddles the Swiss and French borders on the outskirts of Geneva..

Incident particles: Two counter rotating beams of proton Source of protons: Bottles of Hydrogen gas Energy: 7 TeV Nature of magnets using: Superconducting Types of magnets: 58 Total magnets: nearly 93000 Use of magnets: focusing proton beams

Determines the probability of collision

What is luminosity?
Luminosity is the number of particles per unit area per unit time times the opacity of the target

L = f n N 1N 2 where A f is the revolution frequency (c/27 km) n is the number of bunches in one beam in the storage ring. (2808 bunches) Ni is the number of particles in each bunch (billions) A is the cross section of the beam (40 m)

6 areas around circumference that will collect and analyze data

ATLAS CMS ALICE LHCb TOTEM (minor study) LHCf (minor study)

Leon Lederman- The God Particle : If Universe is the Answer, What is the question (2006) 2. Search for the Higgs Boson John V .Lee(2006) 3. Wikipedia and other related sites
1.

Thank you