DATABASE

Neenu Prasad

Definition
Data: facts that can be recorded and that have implicit
meaning.

A database is a collection of interrelated data , typically

describing the activities of one or more related

Organizations and is used for managing large bodies of

information. #

Example
A university database might contain information about the
following:

Entities such as students, faculty, courses, and classrooms.

Relationships between entities, such as students' enrolment in

courses, faculty teaching courses, and the use of rooms for

courses #

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS(DBMS)

general-purpose software system
Collection of inter related data programs to manage the data.

Well known DBMS

Oracle IBM DB2 Microsoft SQL Server Microsoft Access PostgreSQL MySQL SQLite
#

Users
Users are differentiated by the way they expect to interact
with the system..

Nave users :
They invoke one of the permanent application programs that

have been written previously.

Users
Sophisticated users : They form requests in a database query language.ie they interact with the systems without writing application

programs.
Application programmers : They are computer professionals who write the application programs. They can choose from many tools to develop user interfaces #

Database Administrator (DBA)

Coordinates all the activities of the database system.

good understanding of the enterprises information

resources and needs.

Functions of DBA
Schema definition

Storage structure and access method definition

Schema and physical organization modification Granting user authority to access the database Specifying integrity constraints Acting as liaison with users

Monitoring performance and responding to changes in

requirements #

Query Processing
It includes 1. Parsing and translation 2. Optimization 3. Evaluation

Cont
a) DDL Interpreter (Parsing and Translation): Interprets the DDL statements and records the definition in the data

dictionary. Data dictionary is a special type of table that can be accessed

and modified only by the DB itself. b) DML Complier (Query Optimisation):

Translates DML statements into an evaluation plan consisting of low level

instruction that query evaluation engine understand. c) Query Evaluation Engine (evaluation):

Executes the low level instructions generated by DML compiler.

Storage Manager
program module that provides the interface between the

low level data stored in db and application programs and

queries submitted to the system.

Storage Manager
Authorisation and integrity manager They performs tests for satisfaction of integrity constraints and checks for the authority of users to access data. Transaction manager

Ensures that the database remains in a consistent state.

File manager Manages the allocation of space on disk storage and the structures used

to represent information stored on disk.

Buffer Manager Responsible for fetching data from disk storage into main memory

APPLICATIONS OF DATABASES
Banking: all transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades

Sales: customers, products, purchases

Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain #