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(
| |
+
( = +
|
(
\ .
`
(
| |
+
( = +
|
(
\ .
)
mi
E
ci
E
Axial displacement of the top ( ) and bottom ( ) skins are given as
follows
(4)
, and are thickness of upper face sheet, core layer and lower face
sheet, respectively.
Assuming the axial displacement in the core ( ) to be linearly dependent on
coordinate z, one may write
(5)
Kinetic and potential energy expressions
Strain energy expression for top and bottom skins can be written as follows
(6)
1
u
'
3
u
'
,
i i
u u zu
'
=
2 2
i i
t t
z s s
1
t
2
t
3
t
2
u
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3
2
2 2
( ) ( )
2 4 2
u u t t u u t t
u z
t t
u u
| |
| | + +
| |
= + + +
|
| |
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
3 2 2
3
2 2
0
2
2
2
2
1
2 12
mi ci i i
ci i
l
ci i
i i i mi ci
i
i mi ci
E E u u
E t
n x x
E t b w w
U t k E E dx
x x
u w
k t E E
x x
| |
c c
| || | | |
+
|
| | |
+ c c
\ .\ . \ .
|
|
| | | | c c
|
= + +
| |
|
c c
\ . \ .
|
| | | c c | |
+
| | |
c c
\ .
\ .
\ .
}
Strain energy expression for core can be written as follows
(7)
Kinetic energy expression for top and skins are obtained as follows
(8)
Kinetic energy expression for core is given as follows
(9)
2
*
1 3 1 3 2
2 2
2 2 0
( 2 ) 1
2 2
l
u u t t t
U G A dx
t t
| |
| |
| | + +
|
= +
|
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
}
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2
0
1
2
( )
l
mi ci i
i
ci i i ci i
b C w u C
T dx
w u A I
u
u
(
(
+
(
=
(
+ + +
}
2
1 3 1 3
2 2
2
2
0
2 1 3 1 3
2 2 2 2
2 2
( )
2 4
1
2
( )
)
2
l
u u t t
A
T dx
u u t t
I A w
t t
u
u
| |
| | +
| + +
|
|
\ .
=
|
| |
| | | +
+ +
|
| |
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
}
Finite Element Formulation for Free vibration analysis
For the finite element formulation, a 2 noded linear element is proposed. The
discretized element displacement vector consists of two nodal displacement
vectors as follows
(10)
Using the expressions for kinetic energy ang potential energy and following
standard procedure of finite element method the general equation of motion
is obtained as follows
= 0 (11)
where, [M] and [K] are global mass and stiffness matrices of the sandwich
beam.
{ } { }
1 3 1 3
T
e
i i i i j j j j
q u u w u u w u u =
| |{ } | |{ }
M q K q +
Results and Discussion
Based on the above discussed finite element formulation a MATLAB code
has been developed and results are compared with the available literature.
Free vibration time responses and frequency responses for different
boundary conditions of sandwich beam are discussed.
The FE code is validated with the results presented in [8] for different
boundary conditions and is shown in Table 1 indicating good agreement.
Table 1: Comparison of first two modal frequencies [Hz] with Howson and
Zare
Mode numbers Present code
Howson and
zare [8]
Cantilever
1 33.748 33.7513
2 198.932 198.992
Simply
supported
1 57.132 57.135
2 219.193 219.585
Fixed Fixed
1 34.626 34.5965
2 93.271 93.1000
Table 2: Complex shear modulus of MRE core with 90% carbonyl iron
particles used in composite sandwich beam.
B
0
(Tesla)
0 0.2 0.6
(MPa)
4.1395 6.0465 8.6977
0.2458 0.3020 0.3
The material properties used in the analysis are taken from [9] and are given
as follows. Youngs modulus
A sandwich beam of length 0.1 m, width 25 mm, skin thickness 3 mm and
core thickness 20 mm has been considered.
For the cantilever sandwich beam the variation of fundamental frequency
with volume fraction (n) for different magnetic field is given in Table 3 which
shows the natural frequency increases with increase in these parameters.
1 1 3 3
207.7877GPa, 322.271GPa, 207.7877 GPa, 322.271GPa,
m c m c
E E E E = = = =
3 3 3 3
1 1 3 3
8166kg/m , 2370kg/m , 8166kg/m , 2370kg/m .
m c m c
= = = =
G
q
Table 3: Variation of fundamental frequency (Hz) with volume fraction and
magnetic field.
Free vibration time response of sandwich beam
Time response of sandwich beam can be obtained by using Newmark Beta
method [10].
Figure 2, 3, 4 shows the time response of cantilever, simply supported and
Fixed-fixed sandwich beam with volume fraction index n=10 and at
different magnetic fields, respectively
It is shown that by increasing magnetic flux density the amplitude of the
time response decreases and natural frequency increases.
Natural Frequency
Mode n 0T 0.2T 0.4T 0.6T
1 0
141.3 149.02 156.37 158.86
10
178.4 185.81 193.03 195.5
100
190.88 200.202 209.146 212.17
Figure 2: Time response of
cantilevered sandwich beam at
different magnetic fields.
Figure 3: Time response at the mid
span of simply supported sandwich
beam at different magnetic fields.
Figure 4: Time response at mid span of Fixed-Fixed sandwich beam at
different magnetic fields.
Conclusions
FEM formulation for dynamic analysis of sandwich beam with FGM skins
and MRE core has been derived.
Free vibration time response of the sandwich beam was obtained using
Newmark Beta method.
From the time responses it is observed that the system attains steady state
in less time when magnetic field is applied compared to the system without
magnetic field.
This is due to the fact that application of magnetic field increases the shear
modulus of the core which increases natural frequency of the sandwich
beam.
References
1. Bhangale R.K. and Ganesan N., Thermoelastic Buckling and Vibration
Behavior of a Functionally Graded Sandwich Beam with Constrained
Viscoelastic Core, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 295, p. 294, 2006.
2. Carlson J.D. and Jolly M.R., MR Fluid, Foam and Elastomer Devices,
Mechatronics, Vol. 10, p. 555, 2000.
3. Sun Q, Zhou J-X and Zhang L., An Adaptive Beam Model and Dynamic
Characteristics of Magneto Rheological Materials, Journal of Sound and
Vibration, Vol. 261, p. 465, 2003.
4. Zhang X. and Li W., An Effective Permeability Model to Predict Field-
Dependent Modulus of Magneto Rheological Elastomers,
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, Vol. 29,
p. 1, 2007.
5. Chen L., Gong X.L. and Li W.H., Effect of Carbon Black on the
Mechanical Performances of Magneto Rheological Elastomers, Journal of
Polymer Testing, Vol. 27, p. 340, 2008.
6. Chen L., Gong X. L, Jiang W.Q., Yao J., Deng H. and Li W., Investigation
on Magnetorheological Elastomers Based on Natural Rubber, Journal of
Material Science , Vol. 42, p. 5483, 2007.
7. Xiang W.K, Guang M., Zhang W-M and Zhu S-S., Experimental
Investigation on Vibration Characteristics of Sandwich Beams with
Magneto Rheological Elastomers Cores, J. Central South University
Technology, Vol. 15 (s1), p. 239, 2008.
8. Howson W.P. and Zare A., Exact Dynamic Stiffness Matrix for Flexural
Vibration of Three-Layered Sandwich Beams, Journal of Sound and
Vibration, Vol. 282, p. 753, 2005.
9. Huang X-L, and Shen H-S., Nonlinear Vibration and Dynamic Response
of Functionally Graded Plates in Thermal Environments. International
Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 41, p. 2403, 2004.
10.Dixit U.S., Finite Element Methods for Engineers, Cengage learning India
Pvt Ltd, 2009.