Transport Basics

Agenda
Transport Elements

Network Basics of a Transport Network Concepts

Multiplexing Network

Evolution

Equipments

Course Coverage
Course 55230 [ SDH Basics Overview] Course 55235 [ SDH Technical Overview] Course 55216 [ DWDM]

Transport Network
??? Need

???

Convergence
Data Voice ISP ASP Entertainment

TELECOM NETWORK

Transport Network
ACCESS POINTS SHARED INFRASTRUCTURE AIR ROAD RAIL

High Capacity/Speed Transport

COLLECTION/AGGREGATION

Telecom Network
Access

Network Network

Collection/Aggregation Transport

Network

The Transport Plane

Offers

transport service between service plane and access plane elements traffic (to/from) between the service plane components : Voice/Data switches and the end users transport network connects all network points (voice/data switch, radio terminal, exchanges etc.)

Carries

Transport Network Components

Collector

Function Management Function

Bandwidth

High

Speed Backbone

SDH Network : 3 Layered Architecture

NETWORK CONFIGURATION

APPLICATION

Mesh

Trunk/Intercity Network

POINT TO POINT (2.5Gbps LTM. REG) LARGE CAPACITY XC (DCC 4/4)

Ring & Chain

Urban/Junction Network

ADD-DROP (622 Mbps ADM, REG) HUBBING (622Mbps ADM, REG)

ADD_DROP (155Mbps ADM) HUBBING (155Mbps ADM)

Ring & Chain

Access Network

Collector Function
Network
PABX Access Multiplexers Wireless Base Stations ATM Terminals

interface for all access applications

Local Exchanges

Primary

function of collecting traffic

Bandwidth Management Function

Routing Grooming Consolidation Traffic

between collector rings & high speed backbone

Well defined nodes No major changes

High Speed Backbone

Backbone Reliable

function between

high speed transport geographical regions and locations

Telecom Network - View

Transport Core

BTS
ACCESS N/W

COLLECTOR/AGGREGATION N/W

Transport Network Key Issues

Resilience
Protection from failure

Setup

Cost Offering

Service Future

Proof

Scalability/Upgradability

OAM

Costs

Minimal

Terminologies
Elements Method
Star Ring - RIC

+ Media = Network

of Interconnection = Topology

Bus/Linear/Chain

Transport Network - Elements

Multiplexers
Terminal Multiplexers Add/Drop Multiplexers

Regenerators Cross

Connect

Multiplexers
TERMINAL MULTIPLXERS U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6

U7 U8

U9 U10 U11 U12 ADD / DROP MULTIPLEXERS

POINT-TO-POINT APPLICATION

RIC Network

CROSS CONNECT

BTS
Access N/W Access N/W

Core Transport Ring Collector/ Aggregation Ring

Access N/W Access N/W

Collector/ Aggregation Ring

Multiplexing
Combination

of several input channels onto a single output channel

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Static Channel Allocation Statistical Time Division Multiplexing Dynamic Channel Allocation

Types

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Separate

frequencies to establish multiple channels within a broadband media signals at different frequencies

Carrier Data

signals added to carrier signals

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Divide Data Used

a single channel into short time slots

placed in fixed time slots

in baseband systems or individual channels of broadband slots of same length and same order

Time Also

referred to as synchronous TDM

Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

Dynamic

allocation of time slots to active

devices
First come, First Served basis

Control Optimal

Field to identify Data Source bandwidth usage

Functions
TDM Analog-to-Digital

(A/D) conversion

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

Three

Stages

Sampling Quantization Encoding/Decoding

Sampling
A B C D

A B C D

Sampling
Nyquist
fs > 2 fm

Theorem Voice Frequency Range N/W Bandwidth

Human

30 Hz 3300 Hz

Telecom

0 Hz 4 KHz

fs = 2

* 4 KHz = 8 KHz

Quantization

PCM System
A/D CONVERTER
A B C D

SAMPLER

QUANTIZER

ENCODER/ DECODER

64 Kbps PCM Signal

PCM Functioning

Synchronization
Need

Line Coding Techniques

Automatic Mark Inversion (AMI)
Alternate 1s are made (+V) and (-V), 0s are kept as 0. Only half pulse-width is used to transmit +/-V. Prevents droop in the line because maximum time spent at +/-V is 1/2 pulse.
+V

time

-V

: Transmitted data

Line Coding Techniques

High Density Bi-polar Three-zero (HDB3)
1s & 0s are transmitted like AMI, until four 0s are encountered

But set of four 0s are substituted by 0s and B (balance) & V (violation) pulses. If odd number of 1s precede four 0s - transmit three 0s followed by V-pulse (i.e. 000V). If even number of 1s precede four 0s - transmit B-pulse, two 0s, V-pulse (i.e. B00V) Polarity of B & V-pulses would be depend on the last pulse. +V

Time

-V

0 B-pulse

0 : Data V-pulse

V-pulse

B-pulse

V-pulse

HDB3 Coding
Initialization Number
Odd
Substitution sequence
000V Polarity of V bit same as preceding 1 bit

4 consecutive 0s

of pulses after previous Violation bit:

Even
Substitution sequence
B00V Polarity of B bit opposite to that of the preceding 1 bit Polarity of V bit same as B bit

Synchronization Methods
Synchronous
Master/Central clock supplies time to all network

elements Isochronous
Clocking information embedded within transmitted

data Plesiochronous

(Line

Timing

or

Line

Extraction)
Clocking information derived form the incoming data

stream

Synchronization
OUTPUT

REFERENCE

Phase Lock Loop PLL

LOCAL OSCILLATOR

PDH Network
Plesiochronous ITU

Digital Hierarchy

T standard

International Telecommunication Union Telephony G.702 Multiplexing Hierarchy G.703 Electrical Interfaces

PDH Hierarchy
ORDER EUROPEAN
32*64Kbps 2.048 Mbps

NORTH AMERICAN
24*64Kbps 1.544 Mbps

1 2 3 4 5

*4 8 Mbps *4 34 Mbps *4 140 Mbps *4 572 Mbps

*4 6 Mbps *7 45 Mbps *6 275 Mbps

PDH Networks
U1 64K U30 U31 64K U60 U61 64K U90 U91 64K U120 2M 2M 140M 2M 8M 34M 2M U120 U1 2M 8M

34M

Multiplexing - North American

Multiplexing - North American

North American Digital Hierarchy

Digital Signal Level DS0A DS0B DS1 DS1C DS2 DS3 DS4 Bit Rate (Digital) 56 Kbps 64 Kbps 1.544 Mbps 3.152 Mbps 6.312 Mbps 44.736 Mbps 274.176 Mbps Equivalent Voice DS0 1 1 24 48 (2 DS1s) 96 (4 DS1s) 672 (7 DS2s or 28 DS1s) 4,032 Carrier System Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Fiber Optics

Multiplexing - Europe

2.048 Mbps

Multiplexing Structure - Europe

European Hierarchy
Digital Signal Level DS0 E1 E2 DS3 E3 Bit Rate (Digital) 56/64kbps 2.048 Mbps 8.448mbps 34.368mpbs 139.264Mbps 672 Equivalent Voice DS0 1 30 + 2 Carrier System Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Fiber

Japanese Hierarchy
Digital Signal Level DS0 DS1 DS1c DS2 E2 DS3c DS4 Bit Rate (Digital) 56/64kbps 1.544mbps 3.152mbps 6.312mpbs 32.064mbps 97.728mpbs 397.2mpbs Equivalent Voice DS0 1 24 48 (2 DS1s) 96 Carrier System Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Fiber Fiber

Plesiochronous Transmission
E3
34 140 M 140 34 140 M

E4

140

E4

E2
8 34 8 34

E1
2 8 2 8

Customer

PDH Limitations
No

Central timing source

Point-to-Point synchronization Each level operates independently

Signal

can multiplexed

be

de-multiplexed

only

at

level

Multiplexer

Mountain

Inflexibility in provisioning Setup Cost Spares inventory No in-built management functionality

No

standards for fiber

Learning Objectives - SDH

Understand PDH and its limitations Appreciate the advantages of SDH Understand :
SDH Multiplexing Structure STM Frame Structure Mapping of PDH signals on to STM-1 SDH Path and Section overheads and their

functioning SDH Pointer Processing SDH Management Levels and functions

SDH Networks
Synchronous

Digital Hierarchy

ITU-T standard G.707 SDH Bit rates G.708 Network Node Interface G.709 Synchronous multiplexing structure

SDH Hierarchy
ORDER UNIT CAPACITY EQUIPMENT

STM-1

155.520 Mbps

TN-1C/1X

STM-4

622 Mbps

OPTERA 4100 OPTERA 4200

METRO

STM-16

2.5 Gbps

METRO

STM-64

10 Gbps

OPTERA METRO LH/DX

SDH & SONET

SDH Network - View

Core locations BTS
STM-1 STM-1 STM-1 STM-1

Core Transport Ring STM-64 STM-4/16

STM-4/16

The Core Backbone Network

The Core-Backbone Network
Collector Ring
Delhi

Express Ring
Centralized NMS
J aipur Interconnect SDH Rings NM S/ OSS/ BSS

Ahmedabad M umbai

Hyderabad

DWDM EXP RESS LAYER SDH COLLECTOR LAYER SWITCH

DoT TAX EXCHANGE OTHER SERVICE P ROVIDER TAX

SDH Advantages
Network Highly Inband PDH

Simplification

Flexible Management

Integration Proof

Future

Standardized

SDH Synchronization
Master

PRC Primary Reference Clock

Atomic Clocks SRC- Secondary Reference Clock GPS Clocks

Time Synchronization

Stratum Clock Hierarchy

Evolution
Development

of Atomic Beam Magnetic Resonance in 1945 by Professor Isidor Rabi of Columbia University Atomic Clock using ammonia molecule developed by National Bureau of Standards (National Institute of Standards & Technology NIST) in 1949 Atomic Clock using Cesium atoms as the vibration source developed by NIST in 1952 NBS1

First

First

Clock Types
Primary

Reference Clocks (PRC)

Atomic Clocks

GPS

Clocks

GPS Satellites

Atomic Clocks
Cesium

atomic clocks

Employs a beam of cesium atoms The clock separates cesium atoms of different energy levels by

magnetic field

Hydrogen

atomic clocks

Maintain hydrogen atoms at the required energy level in a container

with walls of a special material so that the atoms don't lose their higher energy state too quickly

Rubidium

atomic clocks

Simplest and most compact Uses a glass cell of rubidium gas that changes its absorption of light at

the optical rubidium frequency

Working
Measurement

of oscillations between the nucleus of an atom and the surrounding electrons oscillation frequencies within the atom are determined by the mass of the nucleus and the gravity and electrostatic "spring" between the positive charge on the nucleus and the electron cloud surrounding it

The

Atomic Second
The

interval of time taken to complete 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the cesium 133 atom exposed to a suitable excitation

Accuracy
Long

term accuracy of a Cesium Clock is better than 1 sec/million years term accuracy (1 week) of Hydrogen clock ten times better than the long term accuracy of the Cesium clock

Short

GPS Clocks
Makes

use of GPS satellites transmitting in the microwave range (1.5GHz) synchronized with Atomic sources drift of 250 nanoseconds

Satellites Maximum

RIC Time Synchronization

3

PRC

PRC 1 Master PRC 2 Hot Standby PRC 3 Backup GPS 1 & 2 Backup

Location
Hyderabad Bangalore Delhi Mumbai & Kolkatta

Nortel Synchronization
SSH

Synchronization Source Hierarchy Synchronization Status Messaging

Table listing four timing sources

SSM

Exchange messages regarding clock source quality

among NE Operational
Normal Holdover Mode Free running Mode

Modes

SDH Management
Information
Inband Out-of-Management

Transfer

Operational
Centralized Distributed

Mode

ITU-T

Standard

TNM Telecom Network Management

Telecommunication Management Network (TMN)

Addresses

interoperability of multi-vendor equipment used by service providers to define standard interfaces extended to service function of service providers for telecommunication network and best customer service, quality and services

Management

OAM&P

Provides

cost

SDH Management Network

Subset SDH

of TMN responsible for managing SDH NE

Management Subnetworks

Set of separate SDH ECCs and associated intra-site data

communication links Specific local communications network (LCN) of network operators overall operations data network or TMN

Embedded

Control Channel (ECC)

Accesses NEs by employing communications channel built into

STM SOH Provides two Network Management Channels

SDH Management
Manager

communicates to a conveniently located NE Gateway NE

LAN/WAN connection employed Gateway NE effectively provides connection to/from ECC Management messages sent via ECC to relevant NEs Message includes address of relevant NE Each NE has a routing table containing routes to other NEs Routing table updates by two methods:

Intelligence within NEs facilitating automatic table buildup

Changes communicated through updates

Separate system to calculate routing tables and manual update of NEs

Slower option

Cost Saving

Built-in Robust

communications channel faster & Reliable

Management Levels
Local

Level

Required for local configuration using local craft devices Carry out installation & commissioning functions Not integrated into an NMS

Element

Level

Manages each piece of equipment Lowest granularity level Manage all features of equipment

Network

Level Management

Manages connections between NEs Other functions:

Path Provisioning Path Scheduling Surveillance Alarm Management

Specialized Management Functions

Differentiated

Services

Higher QOS Multi Supplier Network

Organizational Operations Integration

Process Integration

Systems

with other existing management and operational Systems Efficiency

Process improvement Reduction in errors Resilience

Operational

Management Levels
Local

Level Level Level

Remote

Element Network

Requirements - 1
Physical

Connectivity

CAT Craft Interface Terminal RS-232 interface 25-pin D interface LAN port Remote connectivity

Requirements - 2
User

Interface

CLUI
Command Line User Interface

GUI
Graphical User Interface

Management
Element

Level

Element Controller Preside EC-1 Unix based Manages 128 NE

Network
Preside

Level

Network Management System (NMS)

SDH Management
Gateway Network Element (GNE)

STM-1

LAN
LAN Port

SDH Network Management

Integrated Management
Preside AP
EC-1: Span of Control: Up to 128 NEs Up to 30 NEs if co- resident with Preside AP Warm and Hot Standby Preside AP Option

EC-1 TN-64X TN-16X Optical layer

TN-1P TN-1C TN-1X OM 4100 OM 4200

Craft Access Terminal (CAT) is also available for local access

Preside - NMS Connectivity on DCN Preside Server

Preside Server NOC Backup NOC MUMBAI CORE DCN LAYER DELHI BANGALORE HYDERABAD

OPC

EC1

Thick line = IP, Thin line = OSI

EC1

OPC

EC1

Low CAP OSI ring (ext router and NEs)

OPC

Low CAP OSI ring (ext router and NEs)

DX and LH OSI domain

SDH MULTIPLEXING

SDH Multiplexing Elements

Container

(Cn , n = 1 to 4)

Basic Element (1.544 Mbps/2.048 Mbps)

Virtual

Container (VCn , n = 1 to 4)

Basic Container + POH (path performance monitoring +

signals for maintenance purposes + alarm status)

Tributary

Unit (TUn , n = 1 to 3) Unit Group (TUGn , n = 2 or 3)

VC + TU Pointer

Tributary

TU or TUG

SDH Multiplexing Elements

Administrative

Unit (AUn , n = 3 or 4) Unit Group (AUG)

VCn + AU Pointer

Administrative

Group of byte interleaved AU

Synchronous

Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)

Basic element of SDH AUG + SOH ( 270 col * 9 rows 8 bytes)

PDH Mapping
C-12
Defined size of 34 bytes 125 s time slot 32 bytes payload 2 bytes for bit stuffing

VC-12
= C-12 + Path Overhead (1 byte) POH byte identified as V5 byte (one per multiframe) 4 frame multi-frame to accommodate variations Justification opportunity once every 4 STM frames

(140 bytes)

VC-12 MULTIFRAME
VC-12 Path Overhead
V5 R R R R R R R R

V5 RRRRRRRR 32 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 1 RRRRRRRR J2 C1 C2 OOOO RR 32 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 2 RRRRRRRR N2 C1 C2 OOOO RR 32 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 3 RRRRRRRR K2 C1 C2 OOOO RS1 S2 31 7/8 BYTE PAYLOAD FRAME 4 RRRRRRRR

125 s Provision for Justification bits is kept to take care of 2 Mbps + 50PPM frames 500 s

32 Bytes Payload (256 bits)

R R R R R R R R

Stuffing Bits

Justification Bits

Justification
Tributary

data read into a 3 byte buffer of fill level

Monitoring Positive Frame Frame

or Negative justification

1 of multiframe contains : 2 of multiframe contains :

Payload(32 bytes) + 2 bytes fixed stuffing + V5 byte

Payload(32 bytes) + 1 byte fixed stuffing + 1 POH (J2)byte +

Additional byte (2 justification control bits + fixed stuff (R) + reserved undefined bits

Frame

3 similar to Frame 2 except POH byte N2

Justification Process
Frame

4 contains:

POH byte (K4) + 2 justification opportunity bits

(S1&S2) S2 contains stuff in case of positive justification S1 contains payload in case of negative justification

Justification Control Bits

Content

of justification opportunity controlled by justification control bits controls S1 content controls S2 content

bits

C1 C2 If

justification control bit = 0, corresponding opportunity bit = Stuff justification control bit = 1, corresponding opportunity bit = Payload

If

VIRTUAL CONTAINER & TRIBUTARY UNIT

VC VC VC VC

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

TU TU

125 s Hyderabad Mumbai Ahmedabad

VC VC VC

Aligning VC-12 to a TU-12

Bit

rate adaptation required between lower order VCs (VC1 or VC2) and higher order VCs (VC3 & VC 4) = VC-12 + TU-12 pointer position fixed w.r.t higher order VC allowed to vary within TU-12

TU-12 TU-12 VC-12

Pointer

value corresponds to the starting position of VC-12 (location of V5 byte)

Justification Process
Requires

4 frame multiframe opportunity = 1 byte (144 byte

Justification

multiframe)
4

byte pointer value V1, V2, V3 & V4

V1

& V2 combined to provide a pointer value in the range of 0 139 depending upon the position of the V5 byte pointer (justification) performs the requisite action

V3

V4

pointer byte reserved

PACKING VC-12 IN TU12

Pointer Plesiochronous Frame Synchronous Frame

VC12 TU12
125 s

V3

VC12 TU12
125 s VC Size

V2

VC12 TU12
125 s

V1
Offset

V1 NNNNXX I D

V2 I D I D I D I D
10 bit Pointer

Pointer Processing
V1

& V2 bytes contain :

TU pointers ( I & D) I(Increment), D(Decrement)

Negative Justification Invert 5 D bits Positive Justification Invert 5 I bits

TU type bits ( S ) 1 0 for TU-12 New Data flag bits ( N ) Pointer value provides a binary value Indicates the offset from V2 to the first byte of the VC-12 (V5

byte) VC-12 pointer values ranges from 0-139 NDF bits facilitates arbitrary change in the value of the pointer or the size of the TU Normal Value = 0110 Arbitrary change value = 1001

AU Pointers
|H1|Y

|Y |H2 |1 |1 |H3 |H3| H3|

Y = 1001SS11 (S S UNSPECIFIED) 1 = All 1s byte H3 = Negative justification opportunity H1 = | N | N | N | N | S | S | I | D | H2 = | I | D | I | D | I | D | I | D | N = New Data Flag SS AU/TU Type (10 for AU-4) I = Increment Bit D= Decrement Bit

Justification Process (TU-12)

Mux

requires to read value of V1 & V2 for location of the V5 byte 0 value position directly after the V2 byte

Pointer Cannot

indicate an offset between the position directly after V1 and directly after V2 in the same multiframe byte provides negative justification opportunity byte provides positive justification

V3

Following

Justification - Summary
Buffer

states

Normal Decrementing (Lower threshold) Incrementing (Upper threshold)

Buffer Buffer

Level falling Action Add stuffing Level increasing Action Add

payload

POSITIONING VC-12s IN TU12s

V1 K4 34 BYTE V2 V5 34 BYTE V3 J2

Synchronous Frames
125 s
V2 V5 34 BYTES

500 s

V3 J2 34 BYTES V4 N2 34 BYTE V1 K5 34 BYTE

VC12s

34 BYTE V4 N2 34 BYTE

TU12s

Position of a VC12s within TU12s is known only after receiving both V1 & V2

Plesiochronous Frames

STM-1
1xVC-3 1xVC-3 21xVC-12
VC VC

VC VC

TU

TU
125 s

TU TU

TU TU

Multiplexing TU-12 TUG 2

Each

TU-12 frame arranged into a structure which is 9 rows * 4 columns

Consistency with STM Frame structure

TU-12 structures byte interleaved into TUG-2 structure pointers form the first three bytes of the structure
Aids in locating the floating VC-12

TU-12

TUG-2 7

defined size of 108 bytes (9 * 12 )

TUG-2 multiplexed into a TUG-3

TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUPING

Multiplexing TUG-2 into TUG-3

7

TUG-2 multiplexed into TUG-3 interleaving pointers located adjacent to each other fixed in relation to TUG-3

Byte

TU-12

Positions TUG-3 1st

has two columns of fixed stuff

3 bytes of 1st column contains a Null Pointer Indicator (NPI)

Indicates whether TUG-3 contains TUG-2 or TU-3

TUG-3

size of 774 bytes (9 * 86)

Multiplexing TUG-3 VC-4

3

TUG-3 byte interleaved into C-4 with 2 columns of fixed stuff column (9 bytes) of POH added to form a VC-4 pointers in fixed position adjacent to each other defined size = 2349 bytes (9 * 261)

TU-12

VC-4

Aligning VC-4 AU-4

VC-4 9

allowed to float within within AU-4 structure

bytes of AU-4 pointers added to locate the first VC-4 byte dynamic bit rate adaption between VC-4 and STM-n SOH in increments of 3 bytes allows arbitrary changes in pointer values provide negative

Facilitates

Also 3

bytes of AU-4 pointers justification opportunity

bytes of payload directly opposite AU-4 pointers provide positive justification opportunity

STM -1 FRAME STRUCTURE

3 BYTES 87 BYTES

9 BYTES

REGENERATOR SECTION OVERHEAD

PATH OVERHEAD

AU3 POINTER
MULTIPLEXER SECTION OVERHEAD

774 Bytes

STM - 4 Frame Structure

4

AUG + SOH byte interleaved phase relationship with respect to STM-4 occupies :

One

Fixed SOH

Col 1 to 36 Rows 1 to 3 & 5 to 9 of the frame

Not

all overhead bytes required since STM Frame is transmitted across single multiplexer section

SDH Generalized Multiplexing Structure

KLM Numbering
Common

vendor standard for identifying VC12, VC2 and VC3 channels within a VC4 VC3 or TUG3 [ Value 1-3] VC2 or TUG2 [ Value 1-7] VC12 [ Value 1-3]

K L M

Example:
To identify a VC-3 , K identifies the VC-3 and the value of L and

M equal O VC3 = K200

In

case of STM-n letter J identifies VC-4 followed by appropriate KLM designation

VC-12 Path Overhead

BIP-2 REI RFI

VC-12 Path Error Monitoring Function

Communicate BIP-2 errors to path originator Not Used LABELPayload Mapping/Equipped

SIGNAL

Status
RDI

Communicate TU path alarms to originator

VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

Path

trace (J1)

Used to provide a fixed length string transmitted repetitively which is

used by the receiving terminal can verify connection to the intended transmitter

Path

BIP-8 (B3) label (C2)

Error monitoring function for the VC-3/VC-4 path

Signal

Indicate the composition of the VC-3/VC-4 payloads

Path

status (G1)

Convey path terminating status and performance information back to the

VC-3/VC-4 path originator

VC-3/VC-4 Path Overhead

Path

user channel (F2)

Available for user communication purposes between path elements Not used in present applications

Multiframe

indicator (H4)

Provides a generalized multiframe indicator for VC-12 payloads.

Automatic

Protection Switching (APS) (K3)

Allocated for APS signaling for high order path protection.

Spare

(F3, N1)

Not used in present applications

Section Overhead

RSOH Bytes
Framing

(A1, A2)

Used for frame alignment purposes.

BIP-8

(B1)

Provide error monitoring function for regenerator section,

also used in the frame alignment process

Order

wire (E1)

Provide an order wire channel accessed at regenerators and

multiplexers.

User

channel (F1)

Reserved for user purposes. Not used in present systems

RSOH Bytes
DCCR

(D1 to D3)

Data Communication Channel (DCC) bytes Provide a 192 kbit/s regenerator data channel.

Regenerator

Section Trace (J0). Not used in present applications.

MSOH Bytes
BIP-24 Used

(B2)

to provide an error monitoring function for the multiplex section channel (K1, K2) for APS signalling

APS Used

Currently used to communicate REI & Alarm indications over a

multiplexed channel Signal (AIS) indications to the far multiplexer.

DCCM

(D4 to D12)

Provide a 576 kbit/s multiplex data channel

MSOH Bytes
Order

wire (E2)

Provide an order wire channel which may be accessed only

at multiplex section terminations Synchronization

Status Messaging Byte (S1)

This byte is used for transmitting synchronization status.

Section

REI (M1)

Not used in present applications

STM-N Frame Format

STM

N General Format

Basic STM 1 Frame composition 270 * 9 = 2430 Octets 9 * 9 81 Octets Section Overhead (SOH) 2349 Octets payload Higher rate frames formed as multiples of STM

-1