SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT FA-4

NAME CLASS ROLL SUB

SUB TEACHER
NIKET MISHRA

10 C

27
SOST

MR. B.L BHAWARIYA

LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher_MR.B.L.BHAWARIA_ who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic-LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them. Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time. I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge . THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME. WEBSITESwww.wiki.org www.niket.spruz.com www.xpeed.spruz.com

To explain the transport and communication and trade in the ever shrinking world

Communication is the process

through which messages are sent from one place to another.

EXAMPLE: People sitting thousands of

kilometers away talk with one another and even watch one another.

Various Means of communication Postal Services Print Media. Telecommunication. edit Radio & Television. Electronic M Teleprinters and Cables.

The two major means of communication in India: i. Personal communication which includes letter, email, telephone, etc. ii. Mass communication which includes television, radio, press, films,internet,social networking sites- facebook , twitter etc.

The First class mail: Cards and envelopes are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. The secondclass mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and water transport.

Six mail channels were introduced for quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities. They are : i. Rajdhani Channel, ii. Metro Channel, iii. Green Channel, iv. Business Channel, v. Bulk Mail Channel vi. Periodical Channel.

The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two countries is called international trade. Foreign Trade includes exports and imports. Export trade is the trade in which a country supplies its surplus goods and commodities to other nations and earn valuable foreign exchange. Import trade is the trade in which a country obtains these goods and commodities from other countries in which it is deficient.

Balance of Trade is the difference in the value of exports and imports. Major items of Indias Exports - Agriculture and allied product, ores and

minerals, gems and jewellery and chemical products, engineering goods. Major items of Indias Imports- Petroleum and petroleum products, pearls and precious stones, inorganic chemical, coke, machinery, fertilizers etc. Except 1972-73 and 1976-77, Indias trade balance has been adverse since independence.

The

exchange of goods among people ,states and countries is referred to as Trade. There are three types of trade: International trade Local trade State trade

Transport, communication and trade play an important role in day to day life as they link production with consumption. Production itself becomes easy by transport, communication and trade as processing site is linked with the sites of raw material. Developed transport, communication and trade help goods and services being distributed in the local, national and international markets. They not only ensure movement of people, materials and communication but also movement of ideas, and skill from one region to another. So, the development of efficient transport and communication network reflects the development of economy and the country as a whole. These means are called lifelines of a nations economy. In the modern world, no country can prosper without the cooperation and help of other countries . For this movement of goods and material is essential among the countries .Movement of goods and materials among the countries is termed as trade. Trade provides with our necessities and also add to our amenities and comforts. Transport, communication and trade are essential for economic integration, social interaction and defence of the country as well as other countries.

MEANS OF TRANSPORT

LAND

WATER

AIR

ROADWAYS

RAILWAYS

PIPELINES

INLAND WAYS

OVERSEAS WAYS

DOMESTIC AIRWAYS

INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS

PUBLIC UNDERTAKING

PRIVATE AIRLINES

NETWORK OF ROADS IN INDIA -

33.2 lakh km.

1.Metalled (pucca)- 57% 2. Unmetalled (kuchcha) -43%

On the basis of nature & surfacing -

On the basis of construction & maintenance (a.) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway : (i) NHDP Phase- I :- 5,846 km., six lane,
CONNECTING-Delhi ,Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata

(ii) NHDP Phase- II :-

7300 km.

* NS Corridors Srinagar to Kanyakumari * EW Corridors Silchar(Assam) to Porbandar(Gujarat)

(iii) Port connectivity and other projects (iv) NHDP Phase III:- 4,015km., 4 lane ,

1,157 km.

-National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) is the implementing agency for NHDP programme. -NHAI is implement 4 laning of 603km. Special Accelerated Road Development Programme in the North Eastern Region (SARDP-NE) ,

(b.) NATIONAL HIGHWAYS -- As on March 31,2006 - 65,569 km.

2% of the total length of the road network CPWD constructs and maintains National Highways. 35%-single lane, 53%-2lane & 12%-4 lane or more. (c.) STATE HIGHWAYS -- 1.28 lakh km. 97%of the length of state highway is metalled. The State Highways are constructed and maintained by State Government. (d.) DISTRICTS ROADS 4,70,000 km. Districts authorities constructs and maintain the District Roads (e.) OTHER ROADS - mostly kuchcha roads, 26,50,000 km. (f.) BORDER ROADS - Border Road Development Board , Worlds highest Roads from Manali (H.P.) to Leh of Ladakh (J&K) ROAD DENSITY - The lowest density 10 km.per 100 sq.km in J.&K. The highest density 375 km.per 100 sq.km. in Kerala The national average of road density 75 km. per 100 sq. km. PROBLEMS FACED BY ROAD TRANSPORT 1.Inadequate 2 .43% of road are unsurfaced. 3. Highly congested in cities & Bridges are narrow. 4.Roadside amenities are not sufficient &Emergencies services are poor.

Introduced by British Govt. in 1853 - 34 km. between Mumbai to Thane

Railway Network in India

(As on March 31,2004)

1. Route Length km 2.Railway Station 3. Railway Engines 4. Coaches 5. Wagons 6. Running Track km. 7. Electrified Track km. 8. Zones

: 63,221 :7,031 :7,817 :36,510 :2,28,170 :1,07,969 :17,500 :16

1. The total length of railway network as on March, 2002 was 63028 km. (i) Broad Gauge (1.67 metre) - 45622 km. (70%) (ii) Metre Gauge (1 metre) - 14364 km. (24.6%) (iii) Narrow Gauge(0.77 metre) - 3136 km. (5.36%) As on March, 1951 53596 km. - 18% increase 2. Additional Lines on the already existing busy routes total running track had increased from 59,315 km. to 1,07,969 km. in 2001. 3. Electrification of route By March,2006 the Indian railways had got 17500 km. of railway route electrified.(26% of total route) Purposes of Electrification (i) relieves railways from steam engines. (ii) ensure more speedy movement. (iii) Clean and pollution free travel. 4. Container Service - Provides door to door service for goods & commodities by CCI. 5. Computerised reservation & more and more coaches and sleepers. 6. METRO Railway - Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai & Chennai 7. Super fast Trains 8. Biggest Government Department 15.5 lakhs regular employees &2 lakhs casual.
5.

Travelling without tickets. Thefts of railway properties. Damaging railway properties. Pulling up of chains and stopping of trains. Attacks of terrorists. Bomb blasts. Throwing of passengers out of trains over traffic matters

Major categories of pipeline transportation in India :1. 2. 3. 4.

Pipelines have become a major means of transport and are used in transporting crude oil, petroleum product and natural gas from the oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power generation plants.

upper Assam Oil fields to Kanpur via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad Salaya (Gujarat) to Jalandhar (Punjab) via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Panipat. Hazira (Gujarat) to Jagdishpur (U.P.) via Bijapur (M.P.) the longest pipeline in India -1700km. Mumbai HIGH with Mumbai Pune (I) Between Kandla and Panipat (II) Between Kandla and Bina (III) Between Mumbai and Manmad (IV) Between Vishakhapatanam to Vijaiwada (V) between Mangalore to Chennai via Bangalore

PROPOSED PIPELINES

India has a large number of perennial rivers and a very long coastline of 6100 km.

Types of waterways:National Waterways :-

(a.) Inland water transport

(b) Ocean water transport

1.The Ganga river - Allahabad to Haldia - 1620 km. 2. The Brahmaputra river - Sadiya TO Dhubri - 891 km. 3. The West Coast Canal - Kollam to Kottapuram - 14 km. 4. The Champakara Canal Kerala -13 km. 5. Udagmandalam Canal - Kerala -22 km.

Major Sea Ports :1. Kandla

At the time of Independence - 5 sea ports

Sea ports at West Coast

2. Mumbai 3. Nhova Sheva (Jawahar Lal Nehru) 4.Mormugao 5. Mangalore 6. Kochi

Seaports at East Coast

1. Tuticorin 2. Chennai 3. Ennore 4. Vishakhapatnam 5. Paradip 6. Haldia

Air travel is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. Civil Aviation Department of controls and supervises the activities of airlines and gives guidelines for safe operations of the airlines. AIR SERVICES :- 1. Air India - 26 Air Craft 2. Indian Airlines - 54 Air Craft 3. Pawan Hans Helicopters 4. Private Air Lines (Scheduled & Non-scheduled)70 International Airports :- 14 1.Delhi 8.Kochi 2.Mumbai 9.Hyderabad 3.Chennai 10. Guwahati 4. Kolkata 11. Bangalore 5. Amritsar 12. Thiruvananthapuram 6. Ahmedabad 13. Srinagar 7. Panaji 14. Pune Airports are managed by Airports Authority of India.

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2. 3.

4.
5. 6.

Lifelines of the CountryTransportationTurning of local market into national market Help in the development of economy National integration of the country Cultural integration