Fault Seal Analysis

FAULT SEAL ANALYSIS

Fault Seal Analysis

FSA PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. Calculate and Evaluate Sealing Potential For all Faults in Area-9 DURI SBU Fault Seal Analysis Using FAPS 4.2 Evaluate Faults Kinematics and Slip History/Potential QC Sealing Potential Using Available FE and Production History Data Predict Probable Area of Fault Sealing or Fault Leaking Potential

2. 3.
4.

5.

Fault Seal Analysis

Why are we need evaluating FSA?

Faulting in granular materials such as siliciclastic strata generally causes cataclasis and changes in permeability and porosity or even it can act as impermeable barrier to hydrocarbons and creates a trap (i.e. fault sealing and compartmentalization) Faults can act as pressure barrier to subsurface fluids or steam during the production life of a field or as differential migration barrier to hydrocarbons over geologic time Seals can be considered as membrane or hydraulic seals depending on their likely failure mode (Watts, 1987), for example eruption problem Faults and fault zones are sealing membrane in which their properties are related to capillary entry pressure of the membrane The capillary entry pressure of the membrane is defined as the pressure required to initially enter the largest connected pore throat Membrane seals will trap hydrocarbon column height until the net buoyancy pressure exceeds the capillary displacement pressure of the seal

Fault Seal Analysis

Fault Seal Mechanisms

Juxtaposition where reservoir sands are juxtaposed against a low-permeability unit (i.e. shale) with high entry pressure Clay Smear into fault plane, therefore generating the fault itself a high entry pressure Cataclasis, which is the crushing of sand grains to produce a fault gouge of finer grained material, giving the fault a high entry pressure Diagenesis, where cementation of original permeable fault plane may partially or completely remove porosity, finally creating a hydraulic seal (Yielding and others, 1997)

Fault Seal Analysis

Fault Gouge
Fault Seal Analysis

Fault Seal Analysis

CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO FAULT SEAL ANALYSIS Fault Types and Orientation Burial Depth (i.e. Diagenesis) Displacement Mode Connectivity Composition (sand/shale ratio) Timing Modified from Knot (1993)

Fault Seal Analysis

Fault Throw and Displacement Field

Throw

Juxtaposition

Fault Seal Analysis

LITHOLOGY JUXTAPOSITION
Sh

1 2 1 3 4 1 3

Sst

Sh

Sst

2
1 = Shale on Shale 2 = Sand on Sand 3 = Shale on Sand 4 = Sand on Shale

Throw

Fault Seal Analysis

Smear Gouge Analysis (SGA)

A) B) C)

D)

E)

Smear Factor Algorithms A) Bouvier et al., 1989 B) Fulljames et al., 1996 C) Lindsay et al., 1993

Gouge Ratio Algorithms D and E by Yielding et al., 1997

Fault Seal Analysis

ALLAN MAP
Strike Projection (FAPS 4.2) Fault surface is viewed horizontally from hangingwall

Fault Seal Analysis

ALLAN Map/Diagram

Yielding (1999), FAPS 4.2

Fault surfaces from polygon data

FAULT: 3st_wr_sfd

Fault Seal Analysis

ALLAN MAP

Fault Seal Analysis

FSA WORK FLOW

3D-SEISMIC - Mapped horizon - Interpreted fault Well Log Data - Zonation Stratigraphy - Markers picks - GR curves - Calculated V-Shale Survey Data X, Y, Z TWT, TVD Other Data - Production Pressure/RFT GWC, OWC - Stress Shmax, Sv, Shmin

FAPS 4.2
Juxtaposition/ Allan Map
Slip and Dilation Tendency

Fault Seal Analysis

Fault Seal Analysis

3S-25A 3S-35A 3S-66A 3S-76A 3T-36A 3T-57A 3T-56A 3T-67A 3S-46B 3S-56A

3T-27A 3T-47A 3T-68A 3T-78A

FS5_240T

FS4_RT SB_INTRN FS3_PT

FS2_PT
FS1_KT

3st_wr_sfd

Fault Seal Analysis FAULT: 3st_wr_sfd

NO SEAL

SHALE GOUGE RATIO

SEAL

Fault Seal Analysis

Empirical Approach

SGR Vs. THROW

Seal ?

SGR Vs. DEPTH

Seal ?

No Seal ?
No Seal ?

Problem in determining critical SGR

Fault Seal Analysis

3T-57A

3T-57A

3T-48A FS5_240T FS4_RT SB_INTRN FS3_PT FS2_PT FS1_KT 3T-68A

Fault Seal

Steam flow direction Injector Well