Unsur-unsur Dasar Ekonomi Rekayasa : Investasi, Interest Rate, Cost,Benefit

Cash Flow Diagram Time Value Eqivalent

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The fee that a borrower pays to a leader for the use of his or her money.

INTEREST RATE
The percentage of money being borrowed that is paid to the lender on some time basis. Example : 10% per annum.
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The total interest earned is linearly proportional to the initial amount of the loan (principal), the interest rate end the number of interest periods for which the principal is comitted. When applied, total interest I may be found by : I = (P) (N) (i)

Where :
P = N= principal amount lent or borrowed. number of interest periods (e.g. years).

i = interest rate per interest period. (eg. P=100,N=5,i=3% : I=100x5x0.03=15) F=P (1+ni)=115
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Interest charged for the current period is based on the remaining principal amount plus any accumulated interest charges up to the beginning of the period.
Period Amount owed Start of period 1 2 $ 1,000 $ 1,100 Interest for
Period (@

Amount owed End of period $ 1,100 $ 1,210

10%)

$ 100 $ 110

$ 1,210

$ 121

$ 1,331

F=P(1+i)^n = 100(1.03)^10=134
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Interest rate Amount owed (P + I) Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Simple interest 100 103 106 109 112 115 130 145 160 175 190 205 220 235

3% Compound interest 100 103 106 109 113 116 134 156 181 209 243 281 326 378 438

Simple Interest: F=100+(100 x I x n) N=10 ; F=100+100x0.03x10=130

Compound Interest: F=100(1+i)^n N=10 ; F=100(1.03)^10=134

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A student borrows Rp.3.000.000 from his uncle in order to finish study. His uncle agrees to charge him simple interest at the rate of 5.5% per year. Suppose the student waits two years and then repays the entire loan. How much will he have to repay?

F = P (1+ni) = 3.000.000(1+0.055*2)= Rp.3.330.000

A student deposit Rp.1000.000 in a saving acount that pays interest at the rate of 6 % per year compounded annually. If all the money is allowed to accumulate, how much will the student have after 12 years?

F=P(1+i)^n = 1000.000(1+0.06)^12=Rp.2.012.000
Compare with simple interest:

F=1000.000(1+0.06*12)= Rp.1.720.000
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Investment :
Funding or donation for invest in any project as Capital purpose, or fund is saved for received profit in the future.

Cost : Funding which have to paid for operation and maintenance of the project Benefit: Out put or product can sold, or things which receiving profit income
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Rehabilitation: The funding for repared to aim the think can remain perform Normalization: The funding for service or small repared to reach the thing is normaly perform
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Inflation
National Economies frequently experience inflation, in which the cost of goods and services increases from one year to the next. Normally, inflationary increases are expressed in term of percentages which are compounded annually. Thus, if the present cost of a commodity is PC, its future cost, FC will be:
FC= PC(1+i)^n i = annual inflation rate (expressed as a decimal) n= number of years
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Example
An economy is experiencing inflation at the rate 6% per year. An item persently cost $.100. If the inflation rate continues, what will be price of this item in five years?

FC=$.100(1+0.06)^5=$.133.82
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A = $2,524

3 3 4 4

5 5=N

1
P = $8,000
1.

1 2

i = 10% per year

2. 3. 4. 5.

Time scale with progression of time moving from left to right; the numbers represent time periods (e.g., years, months, quarters, etc ) and may be presented within a time interval or at the end of a time interval. Presen expense (cash outflow) of $ 8,000 for lender. Annual income (cash inflow) of $ 2,524 for lender. Interest rate of loan. Dashed-arrow line indicates amount to be determined.
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i = effecive rate per interest period. N = number of compounding periods (e.g., years). P = present sum of money; the equvalent value of one or more cash flows at the present time reference point. F = future sum of money; the equvalent value of one or more cash flows at a future time reference point. A = end-of-period cash flows (or equvalent end-of-period value) in a uniform series continuing for a specified number of periods, starting at the end of the first period and continuing through the last period. G = uniform gradient amounts used if cash flows increase by a constant amount in each period.
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CASH FLOW
I
1 B1 C 2 B1 C

R
3

FV C 4 B2 B2

I : invest R: Rehabilitation B1: Benefit 1 C: Cost

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Benefit 2
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FV: Future Value

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