Embedded System and Its SCOPE by CETPA INFOTECH PVT. LTD.

What is a system?
A system is a way of working, organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan, program or set of rules.
A system is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together according to the plan or program.

SYSTEM EXAMPLES
WATCH

It is a time display SYSTEM Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Rules All needles move clockwise only A thin needle rotates every second A long needle rotates every minute A short needle rotates every hour All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An embedded system consists of hardware and software. When chips are built into systems and software is loaded on that for a particular functionality, it becomes an embedded system.
SOFTWARE PROGRAM #include <16f876a.h> #use delay (clock=20000000) #byte PORTB=6 main() { set_tris_b(0); portb=255; //decimal delay_ms(1000); portb=0x55; //hexadecim al delay_ms(1000); portb=0b10101010; //binary delay_ms(500); }

COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

It has Hardware Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.
It has main Application Software Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks. It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS) RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE

EMBEDDED SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS

An embedded system is software designed to keep in view three constraints:

Available system memory

Available processor speed The need to limit the power dissipation
When running the system continuously in cycles of wait for events, run, stop and wakeup.

What makes embedded systems different? Real-time operation size cost time reliability safety energy security

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1. Small Scale Embedded System

2.

Medium Scale Embedded System

3.

Sophisticated Embedded System

SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller. Little hardware and software complexity. They May even be battery operated. Usually C is used for developing these system. The need to limit power dissipation when system is running continuously. Programming tools: Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler

MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced Instructions Set Computers (RISC).
Both hardware and software complexity. Programming tools: RTOS, Source code Engineering Tool, Simulator, Debugger and Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Enormous hardware and software complexity Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor and programming logic arrays.

Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units.

Programming Tools: For these systems may not be readily available at a reasonable cost or may not be available at all. A compiler or retargetable compiler might have to br developed for this.

PROCESSOR
A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System. For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.
Two Essential Units: Operations

Control Unit (CU), Execution Unit (EU)

Fetch Execute

VARIOUS PROCESSOR
1. General Purpose processor (GPP)
Microprocessor Microcontroller Embedded Processor Digital signal Processor

2. Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

3. Multi Processor System using GPPs

MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductor device also which is a computer on chip, but not a complete computer. Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, a stack pointer, some working register, a clock timing circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip. To make complete micro computer, one must add memory usually ROM and RAM, memory decoder, an oscillator and a number of serial and parallel ports.

VARIOUS MICROPROCESSORS
Intel 4004, 4040 8080, 8085 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188 80286, 80386 x86-64 Motorola 6800 6809 68000 G3, G4, G5
Zilog Z80, Z180, eZ80 Z8, eZ8 and others

MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

VARIOUS MICROCONTROLLERS
INTEL 8031,8032,8051,8052,8751,8752 PIC 8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24, PIC16C7x Motorola MC68HC11

MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER
MICROPROCESSOR MICROCONTROLLER

It includes functional blocks of The functional blocks are ALU, microprocessors & in addition has registers, timing & control units timer, parallel i/o, RAM, EPROM, ADC & DAC

Bit handling instruction is less, One Many type or two type only instruction

of

bit

handling

Rapid movements of code and Rapid movements of code and data between external memory & MP data within MC They are used for designing It is used for designing general application specific dedicated purpose digital computers system systems

EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
Special microprocessors & microcontrollers often called, Embedded processors. An embedded processor is used when fast processing fast context-switching & atomic ALU operations are needed.

Examples : ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR

DSP as a GPP is a single chip VLSI unit. It includes the computational capabilities of microprocessor and multiply & accumulate units (MAC). DSP has large number of applications such as image processing, audio, video & telecommunication processing systems. It is used when signal processing functions are to be processed fast.
Examples : TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx

APPLICATION SPECIFIC SYSTEM PROCESSOR (ASSP)

ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides a faster solution. An ASSP is used as an additional processing unit for running the application in place of using embedded software.
Examples : IIM7100, W3100A

MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM USING GPPs

Multiple processors are used when a single processor does not meet the needs of different task.
The operations of all the processors are synchronized to obtain an optimum performance.

OTHER HARDWARE
Power Source Clock Oscillator Real Time Clock (RTC) Reset Circuit, Power-up Reset and watchdog timer Reset Memory I/O Ports, I/O Buses Interrupt Handler

DAC and ADC

LCD and LED Display Keypad/Keyboard

SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE
C C++ Dot Net

SIMULATOR
Masm

COMPILER
RIDE KEIL

Example of Embedded System

Example of Embedded System

APPLICATIONS
Household appliances: Microwave ovens, Television, DVD Players & Recorders Audio players Integrated systems in aircrafts and missiles Cellular telephones Electric and Electronic Motor controllers Engine controllers in automobiles Calculators

Medical equipments
Videogames Digital musical instruments, etc.

Example of Embedded System

Traffic Signal

Example of Embedded System

MP3 PLAYER

Example of Embedded System

CAR

Example of Embedded System

Example of Embedded System

Industrial Use of Embedded System

3.5 million jobs by 2015, but talent missing

According to an ISA-Ernst & Young report of 2011, this industry was about $6.5 billion in 2009 and is expected to log a compound annual growth rate of 17.3 per cent to reach $10.6 billion in 2012.
The report also suggests that the industry promises 3.5 million jobs by 2015. But unfortunately, the industry is grappling with the problem of talent shortage. Embedded software segment now offers more high-value activities relating to middleware, driver design and associated applications. The main reason for increased adoption of embedded software is its use by electronics companies for increased device functionality, reduced time-to-market and reduction in costs.

Raw talent: key challenge for companies

Several engineering universities in the country are far from understanding the requirements of the industry and train the students accordingly. This has resulted into two extremes, where on one hand the industry needs talent and on the other hand there is an abundance of engineers who have not been trained in necessary skills. Industry veterans term these engineers as raw talent and training to make them productive is a key challenge for them.

 Companies face a tough time trying to recruit the right set of people. There are certain portions in the entire embedded ecosystem where generic electronics knowledge will help. Hardware design is one example. But then there are certain other segments, which require a good experience in device driver, software amplification, etc. The industry is missing this talent big time.

Roles available
Embedded engineers write the software that controls the VLSI chips. Embedded software can be any code which interacts with the hardware layer, ranging from the hardware abstraction layer, device drivers, kernel programming to application programming.

To take up embedded software development as career, you need to have a working knowledge of C, C++ and Java, with some exposure to application software development. If you have already done some programming for an embedded system, you can expand your horizons by broadening your skill sets

 Embedded software is being developed using a variety of embedded and real-time operating systems, such as embedded NT, Windows CE and RTLinux. In addition, a variety of development tools and IDEs for C, C++ and Java are available. You need to learn application development in these various environments. To be a successful programmer, you need a good understanding of design alternativeshow to choose a processor, an operating system, a programming language so that you can develop cost-effective, reliable embedded software with minimal development time. As many of the systems become network enabled, a working knowledge of network programming is also important. Also, you need to be aware of the diversity of application areas and the specific requirements of each.

 As a hardware/board designer, you could work on reference board design, new board design, and board design derivatives and modifications on existing boards. Reference boards are used to validate the capabilities of designed silicon chips. The embedded hardware designer is responsible for hardware design schematic , PCB layout, BOM creation, hardware board debugging and testing, and system integration testing. Desired skills are hardware design using 8-/16-/32-bit microcontrollers, microprocessor-based systems, design of medium-frequency boards, hardware design of analogue , mixed signal and digital, and understanding/ implementation of the EMI and EMC concepts to hardware design.

Desired qualifications and skill set

The minimum requirement is a bachelors/ masters degree in engineering with specialisation in electronics and electrical or computer science. But it is preferable for a candidate to have some hardware integration experience, good software coding skills and the ability to deal with and develop algorithms to solve problems.
Today, universities are offering special streams like software design and engineering, microelectronics and automotive embedded system. It is a great idea to undergo such a course as it will provide the requisite industry knowledge in the field you want to pursue a career.

VERY IMPORTANT
One important thing to remember though, is that you should not think about yourself as only a software guy or a hardware guy. Rather, see yourself as more of a systems person. You should be versatile enough to be able to take risks and challenges when troubleshooting a problem at the board moving between hardware and software areas.

Career growth over time

As you gain experience and knowledge, you will be required to work more independently making decisions, developing designs and solving problems. With further experience, you may become a technical specialist or supervisor in a team of engineers or technicians. Eventually, you may become an engineering manager or move into other managerial or completely technical domain. As a fresher you might typecast yourself into a certain role. Later on, this boundary has to blur totally. You have to start understanding both hardware and software, device drivers, register mapping and application software development.

 Also, as embedded system is part of many applications, you have to figure out the domain knowledge. For example, if you are working on embedded systems for telecom applications, you should be able to find out the user experience and with better creativity decide which layout or colour will look better. You start becoming a system architect finally.
Automotive, telecom and security are the industries where a lot of embedded work is going on. Industrial and medical applications, which were lagging behind, are also making significant improvements. As a professional, you can switch from one vertical to another as you gain knowledge of how an embedded system works. One added advantage here will be knowing the particular vertical requirements and applying the related skill set.

Compensation
Salaries are based on individual skill set and qualifications. An engineer starting his career with a bachelors degree can expect anything between Rs. 400,000 and Rs. 700,000 per annum. Many companies give higher salaries to engineers with M.Tech or Ph.D based on continual performance, knowledge and competence. Unlike many other industries, the embedded industry has seen quite a steep salary growth across levels and it still continues.

Some good institutions to study

CETPA INFOTECH (Two times awarded as the Best IT and Embedded Training Company),IITs, NITs, BITs, Punjab Engineering College, IT BHU, Thapar and Delhi Technical University are some of the names to reckon with for studying embedded systems. Several engineering colleges now offer M.Tech as well as certificate courses in embedded systems design. Especially in Bengaluru, private institutions are offering short term courses, which are more focused.

Why CETPA ?

Two Times Award Winning Company in IT and Embedded System

Company Registration

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CETPA in News

Looking ahead
Much of the growth in embedded computer systems will be propelled by more sophisticated, cloud connected embedded systems, which will have faster chips, better connectivity and more advanced operating systems and analytical software. An ever-increasing number of appliances will be monitored or controlled remotely. Further developments in microelectronics will lead to an era of invisible computing, wherein the computer does the job we need but without an ubiquitous presence. As electronics becomes more and more pervasive in our lives with the mobile phones, intelligent home appliances and vehicles, and more recently the insulin pumps that reside inside the body, a career in embedded systems seems only to be getting better with time, for these are no longer talking of cutting edge but technology at the bleeding edge!

Future of Embedded Technology

Companies
SAMSUNG ST ELECTRONICS NOKIA APPLE MOTOROLA DRDO AND MANY MORE..

QUESTIONS PLEASE