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– Introduction
– Discussion of Causes
N ALBANIA N
(> 670mmboe)
ITALY B ari
Potenza
EW
Demetra Prospect
220mmbbls
Cerro Falcone Tempa Rossa
Monte Alpi
Ioannina
Igo umenitsa
S. Apennines trend
> 800mmbbls Ioannina Plateau Trend
> 400mmbbl (on block)
GREECE
0 100km 0 100km
Western Greece
EW-1
Oil seeps
Gas field
What else?
Stratigraphy and Petroleum Geology
R 1 to 4 km
maybe 8 km
SR
SR
S SR
RESERVOIR: Ionian Carbonates Reservoir Section -
Fractured Calci-turbidites and Debris flows.
WAY
THIS
UP!
Regional Seismic Lines
EW-1
Location
Top Quaternary
Top Carbonates
Posidonia Formation
Top Evaporites
Base Evaporites
Top Reservoir
Tectonic Scenarios
(a ) 20 km
(a ) 20 km
Model 1 Model 2
(b ) 20 km (b )
20 km (b ) Legend 20 km
(b )
c la s tic s
c a rb o n a te s
e v a p o r it e s
Legend
unknown lithology
20 km (b ) 20 km c la s tic s Reference Point
(c ) 20 km
c a rb o n a te s
e v a p o r it e s
unknown lithology
Legend
20 km Reference Point
(c )
c la s tic s
c a rb o n a te s
e v a p o r it e s
WELL PROGNOSIS AND HYDROCARBON GEOLOGY
2000 2000
4000 4000
Permo-Triassic ? Flysch?;
Permo-Triassic ?
carbonates ;
or both
Well Location
High Pressures
Pressure (psi)
0 1,000 3,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 11,000 13,000 15,000
0
1,000
Top evaporites
2,000
5,000
DEMETRA - Pressure - speculation about pressure profile in the evaporites
Evaporite interval
– 17.5 ppg
(2.1gr/cm3)Kick @
3966m
– sidetrack
– 17.9 ppg
(2.1g/cm3) or 10k
to 11k psi)Kick @
3566m
Evaporite interval is
overpressured from about
2100m:
- hole size
- resistivity/density
Only see it when have
porosity/permeability
Potential for pressured ‘cells’ Where is
to give even higher pressure ? the base
CANNOT PREDICT evaporites?
PRESSURE!
0 Limestone
T Q/P Fl Top evaporites
Dolomite 2000
- halite Overpressure starting?
Anhydrite
Shift due to change of bit to
Halite PDC bit ?
2500
Wide scatter but following
Chert
Prepared to encounter OP at around
‘normal’ trend
1000 Qualifiers
Carbonaceous 3900m onwards
Calcite 3000
Shift for new pdc bit?
Siliceous
Dxc of EW-1S Normal compaction line
Bitomenous 1.02 kg/lt mudweight
Dolomitic equivalent
10 20 30 40 50 60
But kick at 3566mWide scatter but following
3500
at 3566 m
3000
Overburden Gradient: 1.04 psi/ft
1000
Kick at 3,966 m
in EW-1
4000
High Pressures Not Close to Change of Lithology,
still in Evaporites
Dolomitic lenses have been ‘pressurized’
due to flysch overpressure
EW-1
EW-1S
Smectite to illite
Faults
Gypsum – anhydrite
EW-1
EW-1S
(b)
Hydrocarbon generation. However, no hydrocarbons in both wells. But if close to the base of the
Legend
evaporites, then gas can exert such pressures to the overlying evaporites.
Mudstone, clay or shale
ReachedLimestone
the detachment level -> overpressured sediments beneath the impermeable
evaporites characterized by extreme fluid overpressuring. Fluids ? water and/or gas.
Dolomite
Conclusions and recommendations
● No well has ever penetrated the whole
● Despite all pre-drilling preparations, Triassic evaporitic strata in the Ionian
unexpected high pressures can be Zone. More studies are important for the
encountered. Ionian Zone and generally for western
Greece, such as the pre-Apulian Zone,
● Proper post-drilling analysis could allow
which has similar lithology to the Ionian
for assessment of causes of
Zone, and the Gavrovo Zone. These
overpressure and better preparation in
studies must trace the deep evaporitic
future drilling activity.
strata and target areas where the
● Use of advanced drilling technology and evaporites will be fully penetrated.
the better formulation of drilling fluids,
capable of operating with minimal ● Drilling in western Greece should
problems under these harsh conditions. continue because, while there are some
25 oil and gas fields in Albania, only one
● The availability of better detection pore discovery has been made so far in
pressure mechanisms, like ability to see western Greece, that at west Katakolon,
ahead of bit. in offshore Peloponnesos region. This is
highly significant as it proves the
existence of a viable play and its
continuation throughout western Greece.
Holy Triad: Source Rock, Reservoir, Seal