TRANSPORT

When do Organisms need Transport Systems?

We need TRANSPORT when

2 cells are far from each other

materials needed to be moved

from one place to another

huge sum of substances to be

moved

Why do Organisms need Transport Systems?

ensure a continual supply of nutrients, oxygen and other useful materials for metabolism and removal of toxic waste products produced by metabolism

PROBLEMS FACED BY MULTICELULAR ORGANISMS IN OBTAINING THEIR CELLULAR REQUIREMENTS AND REMOVING THEIR WASTE PRODUCTS

SIZE

DIMENSI ON (CM) 1X1X1

TSA (CM)

VOLUME OF CUBE (CM) 1

TSA/V RATIO 6.0

SMALL

MEDIUM LARGE

2X2X2 4X4X4

24 96

8 64

3.0 1.5

The

size of the cubes represents the size of organisms As a cube increases in size, its TSA/V ratio decreases. The larger the organism, the smaller its TSA/V ratio.

 The paramecium has a TSA/V ratio of about 400 whereas man has a TSA/V ratio of about 0.3 In small organisms, the TSA/V ratio is large enough for diffusion of materials to all parts of the body

 In large organisms, the TSA/V ratio is too small for materials to reach all parts of the body This problem is overcome by having a transport / circulatory system

CIRCLATORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN & ANIMALS

Includes medium, vessels and pumps Medium: - blood in many animals - haemolymph in some invertebrates such as insects Vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries carried blood Pumps: muscular heart creates the pressure that forces the blood through vessels

COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

Average adult human has about 5-6 litres blood Blood is a connective tissue containing 45% cellular components and 55% plasma TEXT BOOK PAGE 5

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

form within bone marrow at the rate of 2 million cells per second short life span with about 120 days old red blood cells are destroyed in liver & spleen by the phagocytes

 they have no nuclei when mature

- it increases the space to carry

haemoglobin

they have biconcave disc shape with

diameter of 8 m and thickness

2 m
- which provides large surface area

to diffuse oxygen

 possess of haemoglobin - haemoglobin is an iron-containing

protein compound and its presence is

responsible for the colour of red blood cell - oxygenated blood is bright red whereas

deoxygenated blood is dark red

 Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin (HbO8) A small amount of co2 can also bind with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin

Red blood cells

hite Blood Cells (leucocytes)

larger than red blood cells irregular in shape prominent nucleus no haemoglobin kill germs, defend against two main kinds of white blood phagocytes and lymphocytes and cells White blood

disease cells:

Red blood cells

White Blood Cells

made in bone marrow but different from the place where red blood cells are made irregularly shaped nucleus

can squeeze out through the walls of capillaries

into the surrounding tissues engulf dead cells or pathogens

Granulocytes
Have granular cytoplasm and lobed nuclei 3 types of granulocyte: 1) Neutrophils (62%) - phagocytes 2) Eosinophils (2%) - help to control allergic response - nucleus with 2 lobes 3) Basophils (0.5%) - secrete heparin to prevent from blood clotting - nucleus with two lobes or S-shaped

Agranulocytes
Smooth rounded nucleus with no granules 2 types of agranulocytes: 1) Monocytes: - largest leucocytes - large bean-shaped nucleus 2) Lymphocytes: - smallest leucocytes - some produce antibodies whereas others destroy infected cells

PLATELETS
Small irregularly shaped cell fragments formed in the bone marrow 250 000 in 1 cubic ml of blood lifespan of 5-9 days before destroyed in the spleen and liver play important role in blood clotting

PLASMA
yellowish fluid in blood 90% of plasma is water and 10% dissolved solutes (digested nutrients, dissolved gases, minerals, hormones)

Function of Blood in Transport

1) TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN the partial pressure of oxygen in lungs is higher than surrounding capillaries -- diffusion Oxygen + haemoglobin --- > oxyhaemoglobin Erythrocytes carried by blood to other parts of body where the partial pressure is lower In cells: oxyhaemoglobin ---- > oxygen + haemoglobin Oxygen is supplied for cellular respiration

2) Transport of carbon dioxide CO2 released from cellular respiration will diffuse into surrounding capillaries 70% of CO2 will combine with water
Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid) H+ + HCO3- (hydrogen carbonate ion) About 23% combines with amino group and is transported as carbaminohaemoglobin 7% dissolves directly into blood plasma

3) Transport of absorbed food materials all digested food materials from villi in small intestine such as simple sugars, amino acids and water-soluble vitamins are transported by the hepatic portal vein ---- > liver ----- > heart for general circulation Fatty acids, glycerol & vit A, D, E and K from lacteals are transported by the lymph ----- > blood circulatory system via the left subclavian vein

4) TRANSPORT OF WASTE PRODUCT Deamination: Excess amino acids in liver is converted to urea. Urea is transported by blood to kidneys to be excreted 5) TRANSPORT OF HEAT 6) TRANSPORT OF HORMONES 7) TRANSPORT OF WATER TO TISSUES (TEXT BOOK PAGE 9)

FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH
Blood-like fluid that flows in certain invertebrates with open circulatory system Tubular heart pumps the haemolymph into fluid-filled spaces called haemocoel

FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH
Nutrients from digested food and hormones diffuse from haemolymph into cells. Waste product diffuse out from cells to surrounding haemolymph

THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

Arteries
Branch out

arterioles

Branch out

capillaries

venules
join join

veins

 Arteries are blood vessels that carry away blood from heart Capillaries are the sites for the exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes. Veins transport blood back to the heart