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Why AD curve slopes downward ? or Why aggregate demand for output falls at higher aggregate price?
PRICE LEVEL
P1
P2
AD
Y1
Y2
Aggregate Output
Resultantly, they will consume less therefore demand will go down as well AD slopes downward.
Increase in imports because of fall in price of imported products will lead decline in demand . for domestic products.
AS
Vertical range
AS
Y Aggregate Output YF
1.
Horizontal Range:
As per Keynes, in horizontal range of output upto Y, the economy can expand its production without facing rise in unit cost of production because at this time economy is in the grip of recession with high unemployment and unutilized machinery. Since other resources are lying unused resultantly there will not be higher cost per unit or rise in the price level if aggregate output is expanded in the range.
In depression while product prices and wages are inflexible downward it is real output will fall and AS Will be horizontal.
Intermediate Range
In this range (between Y and YF) increase in aggregate output brings about rise in price level, whereby AS curve is upward sloping. Because: As national production expands some industries, like electronics and computer hardware may experience shortage of skilled engineers. Due to shortage of engineers for some crucial industries bottleneck in production may arise which will push up the cost in these industires whereby price level upward.
In order to overcome shortage of skilled labour less skillful workers may be employed resulting in rise in unit cost of production.
Before full employment of resources, some industries may experience shortage of raw material due to expansion of production encounters rising unit cost of production. Most important factor cost is the decline in factor of labour as employed in expanding responsible for rising marginal products of more of them are production.
Vertical Range:
As per classical economist In this range, AS is perfectly inelastic or vertical at the full employment level of output (YF)
Vertical shape of AS curve implies that any further rise in the price level will fail to cause any increase in aggregate output because the economy is already using its available resources fully and producing its potential output.
AD P2 P0 A E B
AS
At point E where AD intersects AS at P0 price level and real GDP is Y0, short-run equilibrium is reached.
P1