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Topic 1
Algebra and Equations
L1
L1.1 Sets
L1.1 Sets
Basic Definitions Operations on Sets
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Basic Definitions
Set as a collection of objects. The objects that belongs to set are called elements or members of the set. In algebra, the elements of a set are usually numbers. Sets are commonly written using set braces, { }. For example, set containing the elements 1,2,3,4 is written, {1,2,3,4}.
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L1.1
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L1.1
L1.1
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L1.1
L1-9
L1.1
L1-10
L1.1
(cont.)
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Basic Arithmetic
Real Numbers In algebra, we work with the set of real numbers, which we can model using a number line.
Real numbers describe real-world quantities such as amounts, distances, age, temperature, and so on. A real number can be an integer, a fraction, or a decimal. They can also be either rational or irrational.
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The fraction is the ratio of 1 to 2. Since three can be expressed as three over one, or the ratio of 3 to one, it is also a rational number. The number "0.57" is also a rational number, as it can be written as a fraction.
Irrational Numbers
A number that cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. Example:
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Irrational numbers
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L1.2 Example 1
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L1.2 Example 1
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L1.2 Example 1
List the elements of S that belong to each set. (e) irrational numbers
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L1.2 Example 2
Evaluate each expression and identify the base and the exponent. (a) Base: 10 Exponent: 3
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L1.2 Example 2
Evaluate each expression and identify the base and the exponent. (c) Base: 3 (d) Base: 5 (e) Base: 10 Exponent: 2
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Exponent: 4 Exponent: 2
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of Operations
Evaluate
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Evaluate
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of Operations (cont.)
Evaluate
Subtract Add
Simplify
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Evaluate
Multiply
Add
Add
Simplify
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Evaluate c = 6.
using a = 4, b = 3, and
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Evaluate c = 6.
Substitute
Commutative property
Associative property
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Simplify
Associative property
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Simplify
Commutative property
Associative property
Commutative property
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(a)
(b)
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(c)
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(d)
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L1.2 Example 7 Evaluating Absolute Values (page 15) Evaluate each expression:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Expressions
(a)
(b)
-
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Exercise
1.
2 10 6 (20) 6 7 2 2
2.
2 (10 6) 2(4) 4 2 2
6 9 4 3 15 7 8
3.
4.
6 [9 (4 3)] 6 (9 1) 6 8 14
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L1.3 Polynomials
Rules for Exponents Polynomials Addition and Subtraction Multiplication Division
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Polynomials
A polynomial is a mathematical expression involving a sum of powers in one or more variables multiplied by coefficients. A polynomial in one variable (i.e., a univariate polynomial) with constant coefficients is given by
a n x ... a 2 x a1 x a 0
n 2
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Polynomials (Cont)
Sum of two polynomials: adding together the coefficients
sharing the same powers of variables:
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Polynomials (Cont)
The special names given to polynomials of low orders
Polynomial order 2 3 4
Polynomial name
Quadratic Cubic Quartic
Example
2x2 + 3x + 7 3x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 7 3x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 + 6x + 7
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Factoring Polynomials
Common Factors take out a common factor
ab ac a(b c)
4 x 5 12 x 4 8 x 3 4 x 3 ( x 2 3x 2)
Grouping split the polynomial in two pieces and take out common factors in each of them 5 x 3 10 x 2 3 x 6
5 x 2 ( x 2) 3( x 2) (5 x 2 3)( x 2)
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Difference of Squares
( A B)( A B) A2 B 2
( x 5)( x 5) x 2 25
Perfect Squares ( A B) 2 A2 2 AB B 2
( A B) 2 A2 2 AB B 2
( x 5) 2 x 2 10 x 25
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M a
Notation:
1 n
1 n
a n a
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a a a
m n
m n
a a a
m n
m
mn
Law 1
Law 3
Law 2
m m
(a ) a
m n
mn
(ab) a b
1 a m a
m
Law 4
a 1
0
n
Law 5
a a
m
m n
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ab a b
n n
n
a b
a b
a mn a
n
a a if n is odd
n
a a if n is even
n
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L1.3 Example 1
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L1.3 Example 2
(a)
(b)
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L1.3 Example 2
(c)
(d)
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L1.3 Example 3
(a) 80
(d) ( 8)0
(b) 80
(e) (3b8)0
(c) (8)0
(b) 80 = 1
(c) (8)0 = 1
(e) (3b8)0 = 1, b 0
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L1.3 Example 4
Add or subtract.
(a)
(b)
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L1.3 Example 4
Add or subtract.
(c)
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L1.3 Example 4
Add or subtract.
(d)
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L1.3 Example 5
Multiply
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L1.3 Example 7
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L1.3 Example 7
(e)
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L1.3 Example 9
Dividing Polynomials
Divide
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L1.3 Example 9
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L1.3 Example 10
Divide
Insert placeholders for missing terms
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L1.4 Example 1
Factor out the greatest common factor from each polynomial. (a) (b)
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L1.4 Example 1
Factor out the greatest common factor from the polynomial. (c)
GCF = 2(x 2)
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Factoring By Grouping
Factor by grouping.
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Factoring By Grouping
Factor by grouping.
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Factoring By Grouping
Factor by grouping.
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Factoring Trinomials
, if possible.
Factor
The positive factors of 5 are 5 and 1. The factors of 12 are 12 and 1, 12 and 1, 6 and 2, 6 and 2, 4 and 3, or 4 and 3.
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Factoring Trinomials
, if possible.
Factor
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Factoring Trinomials
.
Factor
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Factoring Trinomials
, if possible.
(page 36)
Factor
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Factoring Trinomials
.
(page 36)
Factor
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Factoring Trinomials
(page 36)
Factor
, if possible.
The positive factors of 8 are 8 and 1 or 4 and 2. The positive factors of 5 are 5 and 1.
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Factoring Trinomials
.
(page 36)
Factor
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L1.4 Example
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L1.4 Example 5
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L1.4 Example 5
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L1.4 Example 5
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L1.5
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L1.5
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R.5
Factor.
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R.5
Factor.
Multiply.
R.5
R.5
Factor.
R.5
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R.5
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R.5
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R.5
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R.5
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L1-98
L1.6
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
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L1.6
(d)
(e)
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L1.6
(c)
(d)
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L1.6
Simplify.
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L1.6
Simplify.
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L1.6
Simplify.
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L1.6
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
not a real number
(f)
(g)
(h)
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L1.6
(b)
(c)
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L1.6
(cont.)
(e)
(f)
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(c)
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L1.6
(e)
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L1.6
Factor out the least power of the variable or variable expression. (a) (b) (c)
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L1.6
Multiply numerator and denominator by the LCD of the fractions. Divide out the Factor common factor
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References
Lial, Margaret L., Hornbsy, John, Schneider, David I., Deniels, Callie J, 2009. College Algebra, 10th Edition, Pearson Education Inc.
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