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Skeletal muscle
in the light of its structure
By Dr. Mudassar Ali Roomi (MBBS, M. Phil)
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Long cylindrical cells Many nuclei per cell Striated Voluntary Rapid contractions
Cardiac Muscle
Branching cells One or two nuclei per cell Striated Involuntary Medium speed contractions
Smooth Muscle
Fusiform cells One nucleus per cell Nonstriated Involuntary Slow, wave-like contractions
Skeletal muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Z line
Z line
Thin filaments
3 contractile proteins are present here: 1) ACTIN: Consist of 2 F-actin strands. Each strand consist of polymerized G actin molecules. Attached to each G actin molecule is a molecule of ATP, & point of attachment is active site on actin strand. Active sites are present at every 2.7 nm. Each G actin has molecular wt. 42,000.
Troponin T Affinity for tropomyosin. (through which troponin complex is attached to tropomyosin)
Troponin I Affinity for actin strands. It is the bond between troponin I & Actin, which keeps tropomyosin strands in such a position that these physically cover active sites of actin filaments. During muscle contraction this bond is broken.
Tropomyosin-troponin complex = relaxing protein (keeps muscle relaxed by covering physically the active sites).
SKELETAL MUSCLE
When it is in sarcoplasm, calcium is utilized by troponin C to initiate muscle contraction (excitation-contraction coupling). 4 calcium ions can bind with 1 molecule of troponin C it breaks the bond between troponin I & Actin tropomyosin strands become loose they reach a deeper position active sites on actin are uncovered.
Muscle contraction involves power strokes. Before contraction, a molecule of ATP becomes attached to myosin head. It is hydrolyzed to ADP to liberate energy stored in myosin head. When active site is uncovered myosin head binds with active site on actin. With stored energy, there is power stroke. At hinges, myosin molecule moves & carries along actin / thin filaments.
With energy of 2nd molecule of ATP, it detaches & move back to original position 2nd power stroke a series of power strokes sliding of actin over myosin so that power stroke is towards centre of sarcomere shortening of sarcomere or contraction of muscle. Each cross bridge operates independently. Greater the number of cross bridges coming in contact with myosin head greater is force of contraction.
When muscle is stretched more number of cross bridges attached with actin filaments increased contraction force.
Binding Site
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Myosin
FRANK-STARLING LAW:
Greater the initial length of muscle, greater is force of contraction up to certain limits.
Cardiac muscle also obeys this law ( increased venous return increased length of cardiac muscle increased filling increased emptying by contraction of ventricle.
Contraction is initiated by calcium ions. As long as calcium ion is sufficient in sarcoplasm muscle contraction continues. Normally in the wall of longitudinal tubule, there is calcium pump. Calcium is released from terminal cisternae but is pumped back by calcium pump & when calcium is low in sarcoplasm muscle relaxes. So, even to produce muscle relaxation, we need ATP because calcium pump needs ATP.
Sarcomere Relaxed
1-1.5 m length of sarcomere. Length of A band constant. Length of I band constant. Z Membranes become closer. H zone decreases / disappear Sliding of thin over thick filaments. Length of individual filaments remain the same.