Introduction

Motivation
In the 1890s, there were only a few antennas in the world. These rudimentary devices were primarly a part of experiments that demonstrated the transmission of electromagnetic waves. By World War II, antennas had become so ubiquitous that their use had transformed the lives of the average person via radio and television reception. The number of antennas in the United States was on the order of one per household, representing growth rivaling the auto industry during the same period. By the early 21st century, thanks in large part to mobile phones, the average person now carries one or more antennas on them wherever they go (cell phones can have multiple antennas, if GPSKochar Inderkumar instance). is used, for

Motivation
This significant rate of growth is not likely to slow, as wireless communication systems become a larger part of everyday life. In addition, the strong growth in RFID devices suggests that the number of antennas in use may increase to one antenna per object in the world (product, container, pet, banana, toy, cd, etc.). This number would dwarf the number of antennas in use today. Hence, learning a little (or a large amount) about of antennas couldn't hurt, and will contribute to one's overall understanding of the modern world.
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Origin of Antennas
What is the origin of the antenna?

We rule out such early devices as compasses, because while they in some sense receive a magnetic field, it is not an electromagnetic field.
Ben Franklin's kite experiment wasn't quite an antenna, as that captured lightning discharge, which is a direct current path where the energy is not transferred independent of the medium it travels. The human eye of course receives high frequency electromagnetic waves (light, to the layman). However since it Kochar Inderkumar 4 can't transmit waves, so exclude that as well.

The 1st Experiment

The first experiments that involved the coupling of electricity and magnetism and showed a definitive relationship was that done by Faraday somewhere around the 1830s. He slid a magnetic around the coils of a wire attached to a galvanometer. In moving the magnet, he was in effect creating a time-varying magnetic field, which as a result (from Maxwell's Equations), must have had a time-varying electric field. The coil acted as a loop antenna and received the electromagnetic radiation, which was received (detected) by the galvanometer - the work of an antenna. Interestingly, the concept of electromagnetic waves had not even been thought up at this point.
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A painting of Michael Faraday. Being a great experimentalist, he naturally dabbled in chemistry Kochar Inderkumar

History
Heinrich Hertz developed a wireless communication system in which he forced an electrical spark to occur in the gap of a dipole antenna. He used a loop antenna as a receiver, and observed a similar disturbance. This was 1886. By 1901, Marconi was sending information across the atlantic. For a transmit antenna, he used several vertical wires attached to the ground. Across the Atlantic Ocean, the receive antenna was a 200 meter wire held up by a kite .

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History
In 1906, Columbia University had an Experimental Wireless Station where they used a transmitting aerial cage. This was a cage made up of wires and suspended in the air, resembling a cage. A rough outline of some major antennas and their discovery/fabrication dates are listed: Yagi-Uda Antenna, 1920s Horn antennas, 1939. Interesting, the early antenna literature discussed waveguides as "hollow metal pipes". Antenna Arrays, 1940s Parabolic Reflectors, late 1940s, early 1950s? Just a guess. Patch Antennas, 1970s. PIFA (Planar Inverted F-Antennas), 1980s.
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Current Interest
Current research on antennas involves metamaterials (materials that have engineered dielectric and magnetic constants, that can be simultaneously negative, allowing for interesting properties like a negative index of refraction). Other research focuses on making antennas smaller, particularly in communications for personal wireless communication devices (e.g. cell phones). A lot of work is being performed on numerical modeling of antennas, so that their properties can be predicted before they are built and tested. Smart antennas with beam-forming and array optimization is also a new area of research.
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Introduction
what is an antenna ? (everything can radiate) - antenna is a filter in frequency and spatial domain antenna, radiator, sensor (wanted) but EMI radiator (unwanted) point of view - system engineering (communication channel, system compatibility ) - design (electrical, mechanical) - other criteria (architecture, environment)
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Mechanical Arrangements

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Weather Conditions

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Antennas Everywhere

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Antennas Everywhere

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Antennas Everywhere

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Antennas Everywhere

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Antennas Everywhere

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Antennas Everywhere

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Antennas Everywhere

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Owens Valley Radio Observatory

The Earths atmosphere is transparent in the narrow visible-light window (4000-7000 angstroms) and the radio band between 1 mm and 10 m.
[Sky & Telescope Feb 1997 p.26]

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The New Mexico Very Large Array

[Sky & Telescope Feb 1997 p. 30]

27 antennas along 3 railroad tracks provide baselines up to 35 km. Radio images are formed by correlating the signals garnered by each antenna.
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2 GHz adaptive antenna

A set of 48 2GHz antennas

Source: Arraycomm

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Satellite Antennas

NOT an array!

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Spacecraft antennas

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Types of Antennas

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Wire antenna
Dipole Loop Folded dipoles Helical antenna Yagi (array of dipoles) Corner reflector Many more types

Horizontal dipole

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Antennas for laptop applications

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Dual-Band Antennas

Helical and whip antennas for dual band applications

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Wide-Band Antennas
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Antennas for Cell phones

A meander antenna
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Patch and slot antennas

Patch and slot antennas derived from printed-circuit and microstrip technologies Ceramic chip antennas are typically helical or inverted-F (INF) antennas, or variations of these two types with high dielectric loading to reduce the antenna size

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The Arecibo Observatory Antenna System

The worlds largest single radio telescope 304.8-m spherical reflector

National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (USA), Arecibo, Puerto Rico

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The Arecibo Radio Telescope

[Sky & Telescope Feb 1997 p. 29]

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Syllabus
Text Books: Antenna Theory analysis and design- Constantine A. Balanis, John Wiley publication Antennas-John D. Kraus, Tata Mc-Graw Hill publication Electromagnetics - Jordan Balman, Prentice Hall of India publication Reference Books : As suggested by faculty Test & Term Work: 2 Class tests and 4 assignments and at least six experiments covering all major types of Antennas
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Videos

Tribute to a Pioneer Directional Antennas The Secret of Radar

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