Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Research on Reading
1. Bottom-up and Top-Down Processing (Goodman, 1970) 2. Schema Theory and Background Knowledge 3. The Power of Extensive Reading 4. The Reading-Writing Connection
1. Bottom-up Processing
Readers must first recognize multiple linguistic signalsletters, syllables, words, phrases, grammatical cues, discourse markersin order to understand their reading. These data-driven operations require a sophisticated knowledge of the language. From all the perceived data, the reader selects signals that make sense/cohere or mean.
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Top-down Processing Reading is a guessing game because readers must infer meaning, decide what to retain or not, and read on. This is where readers use top-down or conceptually-driven processing, relying on their experience and intelligence.
A text by itself does not carry meaning. The reader brings information, knowledge, emotion, experience, and culture to the reading. As Guy Cook stated, this is our preexistent knowledge of the world (1989). This knowledge is known as Schema. In fact, Clarke & Silberstein (1977) claim that more information is contributed by the reader than by the print on the page.
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2. Schema If you hear someone describe what happened in a hospital, you dont have to be told what is normally found in a hospital.
Doctors Nurses Patients Wards Pharmaceuticals Trolleys A peculiar smell
Heathrow Airport?
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Across the emerald pool fell a shimmering image of lotusshaped cupolas and copper-gilt walls. Dhoti-clad men lowered themselves into the water to perform ablutions; women in saris murmured prayers in Punjabi. Such a domain of peace and pietythe Golden Templehad been impossible to imagine in the clamorous lanes of Amritsar outside. The temple was orderly, efficient. Sikh guards, dressed in robes of alabaster white and turbans of royal blue,
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2. Background Knowledge
John was on his way to school. He was really worried about the science lesson. Yesterday, he had been unable to control the class. It was unfair of the teacher to ask him to teach the lesson. After all, it was not the cleaners duty.
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3. Silent Reading Dont move lips Perceive more than one word at a time, possibly phrases Skip over difficult words unless they are needed for global understanding
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Group Task
Do you read English material for pleasure? If yes, what do you read? Has this habit helped in the acquisition of English? How?
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How many words are necessary to do the things that a language user needs to do?
For learners who are going to do academic study in English, the most accurate indication of the words needed for study at secondary and university level is the Academic Words List. http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/re search/awl/ The AWL is a compilation of words from academic journals, textbooks or course books, chapters from college textbooks, and other academic sources. The resultant 414 source materials yielded a total of 3,513,330 words, 70,377 individual words, and 570 word families.
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The following is an academic text. Which words are from the Academic Words List?
The second idea is used to justify a rule based approach to policy is the idea of time consistency which implies that discretionary policy has systematic inflation bias. I attach less significance to this second idea than many of my colleagues in the profession do. The reason is that in the time consistency theories, the benefits of policy rules largely arise from how they influence inflation expectations.
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The second idea is used to justify a rule based approach to policy is the idea of time consistency which implies that discretionary policy has systematic inflation bias. I attach less significance to this second idea than many of my colleagues in the profession do. The reason is that in the time consistency theories, the benefits of policy rules largely arise from how they influence inflation expectations.
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