DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

FORESPEC MEMBER:
Nor Farahana Zainul Hisham (032291) Nurul Syazwani Kamarulzaman(032691) Nor Shila Latif (032840) Nor Farahin Rosli (032963) Nor Irma Fariza Mohd Zamri (033053) Sam Tau Siong (032261) Muhammad Husni Ideris (032500)

Second Task: TAF3023

CHAPTER 2 :CONCEPT OF SET

Way of listing the elements of Sets Specifying properties of sets Set membership Empty set Set of numbers (Z,N,etc....) Set Equality Venn Diagram Subset Power Set Set Operation Generalised Union and Intersection Cartesian Product

Way of listing the elements of Sets

1. A written description (Extension)
Example: A is the set of calendar months beginning with the letter

2. List or Roster Method (Intentional)

Example: A= { January, June, July}

3. Set builder notation

Example:
A = { x x is a calendar month beginning with the letter J}

Example:

Blue

C is the set of primary colour

C = { Blue, Red, Yellow}

C = {xx is a primary colour}

Properties of sets Sets are inherently unordered: No matter what objects a, b, and c denote, {a,b,c} ={a,c,b} ={b,a,c} = {b,c,a} = {c,a,b} = {c,b,a}. All elements are distinct (unequal), multiple listings make no difference {a,a,b} = {a,b,b} = {a,b} = {a,a,a,a,b,b,b}. This set contains at most 2 elements

Set Membership

Set is an unordered collection of object, the object inside the set, called elements or members. We use symbol and to denote the element of a set. For example, aA mean a is the element of the set A. While b A mean b is not the element of set A.

Empty Set

There is a special set, that are no element inside it, which called empty set or null set. There are 2 symbols to denote an empty set, and { }. It's quite interested when these 2 symbols combine together to become {} .It's not a empty set ,it's called singleton set. Which represent an empty set in a set itself.

Set of numbers

Natural numbers N ={0, 1, 2, 3,...}, Integers Z ={...,2,1, 0, 1, 2,...}, Positive integers Z+ ={1, 2, 3,...}, Rational numbers Q ={p/q | p Z,q Z, and q = 0}, real numbers R Positive real numbers R+, complex numbers C

Set Equality

Denition: Set Equality Two sets are equal if they are both subsets of one another. The standard notation for equality, =, is used.
Example:

{1, 2, 3} = {3, 2, 1} = {1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 2}

Venn Diagram These are a pictorial representation of sets and a good way to get intuition about (possible)set equalities. Universal set U= contains all the objects under consideration, is represented by a rectangle. Inside this rectangle, circles or other geometrical gures are used to represent sets.

Example Venn Diagram

You can also use Venn Diagrams for 3 sets. Let us say the third set is "Volleyball", which drew, glen and jade play: Volleyball = {drew, glen, jade} But let's be more "mathematical" and use a Capital Letter for each set: S means the set of Soccer players T means the set of Tennis players V means the set of Volleyball players

The Venn Diagram is now like this:

Example Venn Diagram

In a school of 320 students, 85 students are in the band, 200 students are on sports teams, and 60 students participate in both activities. How many students are involved in either band or sports?

25 + 60 + 140 = 225 There are 225 students involved in either band or sports.

Subset

Encounter situations where the elements of one set are also the elements of a second set. If all the elements of a set A are also elements of a set B, then we say that A is a subset of B, and we write: AB
For example: If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = {even integers}, then A B

Power Set

If we have a set {a,b,c}: Then a subset of it could be {a} or {b}, or {a,c}, and so on, and {a,b,c} is also a subset of {a,b,c} . And the empty set {} is also a subset of {a,b,c}

In fact, if you list all the subsets of S={a,b,c} you will have the Power Set of {a,b,c}: P(S) = { {}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c} }

Set Operation
Union

The union of a collection of sets is the set that contains those elements that are members at least one set in the collection. The union of two sets is a new set which combines all of the members of both sets (and discards duplicates). Eg: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} , then A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} .

 If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} , then A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} .

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Set Operation Intersection

The intersection of a collection of sets is the set that contains those elements that are members of all the sets in the collection.

The intersection of two sets is a new set which only includes those members present in both sets.
Eg: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} , then AB = {1, 2} .

 If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} , then AB = {1, 2} .

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Set Operation Disjoint Set

Intersection of two sets is the empty set.

Eg: If A = {1,3,5,7,9} and B = {2,4,6,8,10}, then AB = , S

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Set Operation Set Difference

The difference of set A to B denoted as A-B is set of those elements that are In the set B i.e: A-B={x:x A and xB}
Similarly B-A={x:x B and xA} A general A-B B-A Eg: If A={a,b,c,d} and B={b,c,d,f} then A-B={a,d} and B-A={e,f}

Set Operation Set Complimentary

The complementary event A is the set of all elements which do not belong to it. It is often symbolized by A or A. All sampling points of a population are either in A or in A'. And no sample point can be a member of both A and A.

Set Operation Characteristics of set

Identity law AU=A A=A

Domination law
Idempotent laws

AU=U A =
AA=A AA=A

Complementation law Commutative laws

Associative laws

(A) = A AB=BA AB=BA

A (B C) = (A B) C A (B C) = (A B) C

Distributive laws
De Morgans laws Absorption laws Complement laws

A (B C) = (A B) (A C) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
AB=AB AB=AB A (A B) = A A (A B) = A AA=U AA=

Generalised Union

Generalised Intersection

Example Generalised Union and Intersection

Cartesian Product
A new set can be constructed by associating every element of one set with every element of another set. The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by A B is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that a is a member of A and b is a member of B. Examples: What is the Cartesian product of A ={1, 2} and B ={a, b, c}? Solution: The Cartesian product A B is A B ={(1, a), (1, b), (1, c), (2, a), (2, b), (2,c)}.

Note that the Cartesian products A B and B A are not equal, unless A = or B = (so that A B =)or A = B
Some basic properties of Cartesian products: A = . A (B C) = (A B) (A C). (A B) C = (A C) (B C).