www.studymafia.

com
Seminar On Bluestar
Submitted To: www.studymafia.com Submitted By: www.studymafia.com

WLAN
A WLAN connects mobile and portable stations to the network using an access point device. Mobile nodes communicate within its range via wireless medium (radio waves). Requires a fixed permanent infrastructure.

BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth was designed as a low-cost, lowpower wireless networking technology . Bluetooth is a short-range (up to 10 m) . Radio transmission uses FHSS technique.

Communication of Bluetooth devices follows a strict master-slave scheme.

BLUETOOTH
Piconet :
Group of Bluetooth devices which use the same frequency hopping channel.

Scatternet : A group of Piconet in which connections

consists between different Piconet

The Bluetooth specification defines two distinct types of links : SCO ACL

Introduction
Bluetooth is a radio technology for WPAN. It is much likely that Bluetooth devices and WLAN stations operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency band should be able to coexist as well as cooperate with each other, and access each others resources.

These cooperative requirements have encouraged an intuitive architecture, called BlueStar. BlueStar nodes access WLAN through Bluetooth Wirelss Gateways which are 802.11 enabled.

Introduction
Interference generated by integration : Persistent interference Intermittent interference Solution to combat with both these interferences Adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) Bluetooth carrier sense (BCS)

Bluestar

A new scatternet formation protocol for Bluetooth ad-hoc networks . BlueStars produces a mesh-like connected scatternet with multiple routes between pairs of nodes .

The protocol proceeds in three phases : 1. Topology discovery 2. Piconet formation 3. Piconet interconnection

bluestar

The proposed BlueStar architecture

Bluetooth wireless gateways (BWGs):
possess both a WLAN interface and a Bluetooth interface

The interaction between the Bluetooth network and the outside world is managed by the BWGs. IP packets over Bluetooth :

Bluetooth network encapsulation protocol (BNEP) wherein IP packets are encapsulated in Ethernet packets which are then carried over Bluetooth links.

Proposed Bluestar Architecture

Protocol stack for each entity

The proposed BlueStar architecture

The crucial challenges in the design of BlueStar IP address of bluetooth device To combat the interference sources

BlueStar employs a unique hybrid approach of an adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) and Bluetooth carrier sense (BCS).

Bluetooth carrier sense (BCS)

Carrier sensing is efficient interference mitigation among Bluetooth piconets . BCS is incorporated Bluetooth without any modifications to the current slot structure . Before starting packet transmission, the next channel is sensed in the turn around time of the current slot. An ARQ packet will be sent when the slot is clear.

Bluetooth carrier sense (BCS)

Nature of intermittent interference depends upon : Bluetooth packet slot length Number of piconet

Bluetooth carrier sense (BCS)

Adaptive frequency hopping (AFH )

IEEE 802.11 DATA frame has a maximum size of up to 2346 byte so it can overlap with up to 30 Bluetooth slots .

Two potential cases of packet collisions : 1. When the Bluetooth packet is ahead of the WLAN packet. 2. When the WLAN packet is ahead of the Bluetooth packet.

Adaptive frequency hopping (AFH )

Implementation of AFH : A bitmap comprising of 79 bits where a one indicates that a frequency can be used for transmission. Each Bluetooth devices scan every T-scan seconds for each of the 79 channels used by Bluetooth and collect PER statistics.

Adaptive frequency hopping (AFH )

If the PER is above a threshold PER-thres, it is labeled as bad; otherwise it is labeled as good. When the piconet master request this, the slaves send their measured channel marks. The master conducts a referendum process and construct final mapping sequence.

The overall effect on Bluetooth is that the total number of available channels decreases.

Simulation of BlueStar
All functionalities of BlueStar implemented in the network simulator (ns-2) and BlueHoc A hybrid Bluetooth-802.11 model has been incorporated into the BWGs.
Two simulation environment: Bluetooth-only simulation environment Combined Bluetooth and WLAN simulation environment

Bluetooth-only simulation environment

The topology used for this evaluation :

Bluetooth with BCS greatly reduces the number of collisions and defers packet transmission until a safe channel is found .

Combined Bluetooth and WLAN simulation environment Require implementations of both BCS and AFH . TCP/IP traffic simulation :

WLAN packet is of total size of 1.5 KByte (approx) . Bluetooth stations to be stationary .

Combined Bluetooth and WLAN simulation environment

Four possible scenarios :

Scenario A: Bluetooth devices downloading contents from the

WAN .

Scenario B: Bluetooth devices uploading information to the WAN

.

Scenario C: A BWG simultaneously receives data packets from

both the WLAN AP and the Bluetooth devices .

Scenario D: BWG simultaneously transmits data packets to both

the Bluetooth devices and the WLAN AP.

Combined Bluetooth and WLAN simulation environment

Scenarios B and D: High persistent interference in the Bluetooth network causing a high PER . Scenario B suffers higher PER than scenario D.

AFH is effective for a larger number of piconets until it reaches a point where the intermittent interference levels becomes significant.

Combined Bluetooth and WLAN simulation environment

Scenarios A and C : In scenario A the WLAN transmissions have been corrupting the Bluetooth ACK packets . In scenario C Bluetooth data packets are more impacted. Scenario A performs slightly better due to the shorter and less frequent duration of the ACK packets .

Combined Bluetooth and WLAN simulation environment

Scenarios C and D : A higher PER for scenario D

In all scenarios, BlueStar achieves the lowest PER by taking advantage of both AFH and BCS than ordinary implementation. AFH outperforms BCS when most of the interference is of persistent type, but degrades as the number of piconets increases.

Placement and number of BWGs

The topology of interconnection has influence on the number of resulting BWGs. A BWG serve as bridge node between exactly two neighboring piconets

Proposition : For a scatternet comprised of n (n > 0) piconets, the maximum number of BWGs needed is [7n/2] 2[4n 4] .

Conclusion
This paper introduces a novel architecture called BlueStar, which employs a combination of adaptive frequency hopping and Bluetooth carrier sensing to take advantage of the existing installed base of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks by assigning selected Bluetooth devices, called BWG, with IEEE 802.11 capabilities . The incorporation of BlueStar into Bluetooth is simple, does not incur much overhead, and hence is an excellent enabler for co-existence and cooperation of Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11.

REFERENCES
1. BlueStar: Enabling efficient integration between bluetooth WPANs and IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Mobile Networks and Applications archive
Volume 9, Issue 4 (Aug 2004) Pages: 409 422

Authors: Carlos De M. Cordeiro, Dharma P. Agrawal, Sachin Abhyankar, Rishi Toshiwal,

REFERENCES
2. A scatternet operation protocol for Bluetooth ad hoc networks.
Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, 2002

27-30 Oct. 2002, pages: 223 227, Volume: 1 Authors: Tadashi Sato, Kenichi Mase 3. Bluetooth scatternet models December 2004/ January 2005, pages : 36 39 Author: Patricia McDermott-Wells