Stress

BERNADETTE ELONA

EKA YUNITA
KANDITA CITRA NURMALA SYAHBANI SARAH NIDAUL FAJRI ZAHRA FAUZIYYAH

Stress Stress in Complex Words Complex Words

Stress in Simple Words The Nature Of Stress Level Of Stress Placement Of Stress Within The Word

Prefixes

Suffixes

Variable Stress

Word-Class Pairs

Compound

The Nature of Stress

We can study stress from the point of view of

production and of perception Production depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllable. Perception shows the stressed syllable is more prominent than unstressed syllables.

Four factors that make a syllable prominent

Loudness ---> Stressed syllables are louder than unstressed
Length ---> If one of the syllables is made longer than the

others, there is a quite a strong tendency for that syllable to be heard as stressed Pitch ---> If one syllable of nonsense word is said with a pitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have a strong tendency to produce the effect of prominence Quality ---> a syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighbouring vowels

Levels of Stress

!!!!!
One word, one stress. (One word cannot have two

stresses. So if you hear two stresses, you have heard two words, not one word.) The stress is always on a vowel. It exists three levels of stress : primary stress, secondary stress and unstressed level.

Levels Of Stress
Primary Stress ---> The prominence that results

from this pitch movement, or tone gives the strong types Secondary Stress ---> Stress that is weaker than primary stress but stronger than unstressed syllable Unstressed ---> The absence of any recognizable amount of prominence. It contains , I, i, or u, or a syllabic consonant will sound less prominent than an unstressed syllable containing some other vowels.

Placement Of Stress Within The Word

In order to decide on stress placement, it is necessary to make use of some or all of the following information :
Whether the word is morphologically simple, or

whether it is complex as a result either of containing one or more affixes or a compound word). The grammatical category of the word noun, adjective, verb) The number of syllables in the word. The phonological structure of syllables.

 Two-syllable words
- Verbs: If the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, it is stressed. apply /pl/ attract /trakt/ If the final syllable contains a short vowel and one (or no) final consonant, the first syllable is stressed. enter /nt/ open /p()n/ If final syllable is unstressed if it contains . follow /fl/ borrow /br/ If a two-syllable word comes from a one-sylable word, the stress is on the syllable of the original word. remove /rmuv/ dislike /dslk/

- Adjectives: Are stressed according to the same rule. lovely /lvli/ correct /krkt/ - Nouns: If the second syllable contains a short vowel, the stress comes on the first syllable. Otherwise it will be on the second syllable. money /mni/ estate /stet/ For certain two-syllable words used as both nouns and verbs, nouns are stressed on the first syllable, and verbs on the second syllable.

 Three-syllable words
- Verbs If the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant, that syllable will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the penultimate one. encounter /nkant/ determine /dtmn/ If the final syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant, that final syllable will be stressed. entertain /ntten/ resurrect /rzrkt/

- Nouns: If the final syllable contains a short vowel or . it is unstressed. If the syllable preceding this final syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or if it ends with more than one consonant, that middle syllable will be stressed. disaster /dzst/ potato /ptet/ - Adjectives: They obey to the same rules as nouns. opportune /ptjun/ insolent /ns()l()nt/

If the final syllable contains a short vowel and the middle syllable contains a short vowel and ends with not more than one consonant , both final and middle syllables are unstressed and the first syllable is stressed. quantity /kwntti/ emperor /mp()r/ If the final syllable contains a long vowel, or a diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant, the stress will be placed on the first syllable. The last syllable will have a secondary stress. intellect /ntlkt/ marigold /margld/

Complex Words

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF COMPLEX WORD: 1. WORDS MADE FROM A BASIC WORD FORM (WHICH WE CALL THE STEM), WITH THE ADDITION OF AN AFFIX (SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES) 2. WORDS WHICH ARE MADE OF TWO (OR MORE THAN TWO) INDEPENDENT ENGLISH WORDS. (COMPOUND)
IN FIRST TYPE, THERE ARE 3 POSSIBLE EFFECTS 1. THE AFFIX ITSELF RECEIVES THE PRIMARY STRESS E.G SEMI + CIRCLE ----> SEMICIRCLE 2. THE WORD IS STRESSED JUST AS IF THE AFFIX WERE THERE E.G PLEASANT, UNPLEASANT 3. THE STRESS REMAINS ON THE STEM, NOT THE AFFIX, BUT IS SHIFTED TO A DIFFERENT SYLLABLE E.G MAGNET, MAGNETIC

PREFIX
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the root of a

word. A prefix is a group of letters added before a word or base to alter its meaning and form a new word. Examples of prefixes: unhappy : un- is a negative prefix. preview : pre- is a prefix, with the sense of before review : re- is a prefix meaning again. Contraceptive : contra- is a prefix meaning against, opposite disadvantage: dis- is a prefix meaning negation, removal, expulsion transnational: trans- is a prefix meaning across, beyond underpass: under- is a prefix meaning beneath, below

COMPOUND
Compound is the combining of two or more

independent words. Two ways in which the element of phrasal verbs may be combined: 1. The verb may be placed in reverse order to form a compound verb or noun 2. The verb may simply be joined sometimes with a hyphen, to form a compound noun (e.g break down breakdown, make up make-up)

 Compounds are written in different ways:

Written as one word (e.g armchair, sunflower) 2. Written with the word separated by a hyphen (e.g gear-change, fruit-cake) 3. Written with two words separated by a space (e.g desk lamp, battery charger)
1. The grammatical function of the compounds formed is

reflected in the stress pattern of the syllables 1. If the compound is a noun, the stress is on the first element e.g take-over / teik- ouv/ 2. If the compound is a verb, the main stress is on the second element e.g. overtake /ouvteik/

 Some compounds which given stress in spelling only

are: 1. Compounds with an adjectival first element and the ed morpheme at the end
e.g bad-tempered, half-timbered, heavy-handed
2. Compounds in which the first element is a

number tend to have final stress

e.g three-wheeler, second-class, five-finger

3. Compounds functioning as adverbs are usually

final-stressed

e.g head-first, North-East, downstream

4. Compounds which function as verbs and have an

adverb first element take final stress

e.g down-grade, back-pedal, ill-treat