Electrostatics

ELECTROSTATICS
Outline
Electric Force, Electric fields

Electric Flux and Gau| law

Electric potential

Capacitors and dielectric (Electric
storage)

The physics of charged objects
Study of electricity aims to understand
the interaction between different
charged objects.
+ -
The physics of charged objects
Study of electricity aims to understand
the interaction between different
charged objects.

+ +
- -
Structure of Matter
Fundamental building blocks of the
matter are atoms.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Structure of Matter
Neutral atom electron = Positive ion

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
- -
C 10 1.602 charge electron
-19
= 1
Structure of Matter
Fundamental building blocks of the
matter are atoms.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Structure of Matter
Neutral atom + electron = negative ion.

+
+
+
+
+
+
+ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ELECTRICALLY CHARGING
OBJECTS
+ - +
+ - - +
+ - +
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
OBJECTS
+ - +
+ - - +
+ - +
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
OBJECTS
+ - +
+ - - +
+ - +
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
+
-
In metals outer atomic electrons are
not bound to any atoms (electron see).
Charging by Induction
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
In metals outer atomic electrons are
not bound to any atoms (electron see).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
Same atoms have weakly bound
electrons.
Electric Polarization
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
- -
-
-
-
Same atoms have weakly bound
electrons.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
The Electric Force
Coulombs Law
Quantifies the electric force between
two charges.
b a b a
Q Q F
Coulombs Law
two charges.
2
1
b a
b a
r
F
Coulombs Law
two charges.
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
b a
r
r
Q Q
k r
r
Q Q
F

=
tc
=

4
1
2 2
0
2 2 9
2 12
/ 10 988 . 8
/ 10 854 . 8
C Nm k
and
Nm C
where
0
=
= c

Electric Force Field
Gravitational force field:
+Q
+Q
+q
Definition of Electric field:
q
F
E
q Q
=


Definition of Electric field:
q Q
r
r
kQ
E
q Q
=

2

1
r
5
r
2
r
+
+
+
+
+
3
r
4
r

The electric field due to a number of source
charges is given by the expression
=
=
=
=
N
i
i
i
i
N
i
i i
r
r
q
k
r E E
1
2
1
) (

(Linear distribution of charge)
dL
= =
dL
dq
density charge Linear
? = dE
r
2
r
dq
k dE =
dL
= =
dL
dq
? = dE
2
r
dL
k dE

=
dL
= =
dL
dq
? = dE
}
=
2
r
dL
k E
(Surface distribution of charge)
o = =
da
dq
on distributi charge Surface
r
? = dE
da
2
r
dq
k dE =
o = =
da
dq
r
? = dE
da
2
r
da
k dE
o
=
o = =
da
dq
r
? = dE
da
}
o
=
surface
r
da
k E
2
Electric Dipole
Electric dipole consists of a pair of point
charges with equal size but opposite sign
separated by a distance d.
d
+
-
d q p =
Electric Dipole
d
+
-
Electric Dipole
d
+
-
p
Electric Dipole
d
+
-
d q p =
Electric Dipole
Water molecules are
electric dipoles
+ +
-
water
p
Exercise 1
A point charge q = -8.0 nC is located at the
origin. Find the electric field vector at the point
x = 1.2 m, y = -1.6 m
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
j E i E E
y x

+ =
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
)
sin
(cos j i E E u + u =
u
m 2 . 1
-
m 6 . 1
m r 0 . 2 =
j C N i C N E

/ 14
/ 11 + =
u
Exercise 2
An electric dipole consists of a positive
charge q and negative charge q
separated by a distance 2a, as shown in
the figure below. Find the electric field due
to these charges along the axis at the
point P, which is the distance y from the
origin. Assume that y>>a.
q
q
r
a a
r
Vector Flux
Vector Flux
Vector Flux
Definition of flux:
A v

- = u
Electric Flux
Electric Flux
}
- = u A d E
E

Gau|s Law
}
c
= -
Surface Enclosed
Enclosed
Q
A d E
0
Gau|s Law
dA E A d E d
E
= - = u

+
r
Gau|s Law
}
= u dA E
E
+
r
Gau|s Law
}
= u dA
r
kQ
E
2
+
r
Gau|s Law
0
2
2
0
4
4 c
= t
tc
= u
Q
r
r
Q
E
+
r
Exercise 3
dE
Solution
Coulombs Law
2 2
R
dA k
R
kdq
dE
o
= =
Solution
Infinitesimal area of disk
rdr dA t = 2
Solution
Infinitesimal area of disk
2
2
R
rdr k
dE
t o
=
Solution
Y-component of E-field element
u
t o
= u = cos
2
cos
2
R
rdr k
dE dE
y
Solution
R
L
= u cos
Solution
|
.
|
\
|
t o
=
R
L
R
rdr k
dE
y
2
2
Solution
0
4
1
tc
= k
Solution
(
+ c
o
=
2 / 3 2 2
0
) ( 2 L r
rdr
L dE
y
Solution
0
0
2 / 3 2 2
0
2 / 3 2 2
0
2
1
) (
) ( 2
c
o
=
=
+
(
+ c
o
=
}
}
y
y
E
L L r
rdr
L r
rdr
L E
identity the Using
Two Oppositely charged Parallel
Plates (Capacitor)
Plates (Capacitor)
? = E
Exercise 4
0
0 c
=
c
= -
}
L
Q
A d E
Gauss
0
0
2
2
c t
=
c
= t
t =
r
E
L
rL E
Area rL 2 cylinder a of
Electric Potential
+Q
+q
Electric Potential
+Q
Electric Potential
test
test
Q
Q on
ood neighboreh its in source due P point a at potential
) ( P Work
Electric

=
Electric Potential
}
}
}
-
(
=
-
=
-
=
P
Source
P
P
test
r d r
r
kQ
r d E
r d F
Q
Electric
1
2
ood neighboreh its in source due P point a at potential
Electric Potential
r
Q
r
kQ
Source Source
0
4tc
= = V(r)
1J/C V = 1 : Unit
Electric Potential
=
tc
=
N
i
i
i
r
Q
1
0
4
1
P
V
Electric potential at position P due to a system
of N source charges is given by:
Electric Potential
Potential difference:
Electric Potential
Potential difference:
Electric Potential
}
- =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = A
b
a
r
r
a b
source a b
r d E
r r
kQ r V r V V
1 1
) ( ) (
Plates (Capacitor)
constant = E
V A
Plates (Capacitor)
Ed
r r E
dr E
r d E V
b a
r
r
r
r
b
a
b
a
=
=
=
- = A
}
}
+
) (
Capacitors and di-electrics

Capacitors store electric potential energy
Battery
V V = A
V
Q
C

plates across Voltage
plate each on stored Charge
e Capacitanc
=
=
) ( 1 / 1 1 F farad V C C = =
+
E
E
A
Q
E E E
0
0
c
=
c
o
=
+ =
+ resultant
We can therefore express the voltage
across the capacitor plates as follows:
d
A
Q
Ed V
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
= =
0
Hence
d
A
A
Qd
Q
V
Q
C
0
0
c =
(
c
= =
Exercise 3
A parallel-plate capacitor has an area of A = 2
cm
2
and a plate separation of d =1mm.

(a) Find its capacitance. (answer = 1.77pF)

(b) If the plate separation of this capacitor is
increased to 3 mm, find the capacitance.
(answer = 0.59 pF).

Capacitors in Parallel
Di-electric material inside a parallel Electric field.
Di-electric material between parallel capacitor
plates.
Di-electric material
between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum electric di
KC C =

Di-electric material between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum vacuum electric di electric di
V C V C Q = =

constant remains Charge
between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum
KV =
electric - di
V
between parallel
capacitor plates.
vacuum
KE
Ed
=
=
electric - di
E
V Since

Electrostatics

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ELECTROSTATICS

Electric Force Field

Electric Force Field

Electric Force Field

Capacitors and di-electrics

Capacitors and di-electrics

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