Module 3: Analysis Techniques Topic 2: Bergeron Diagrams

OGI EE564 Howard Heck

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Where Are We?

1. Introduction 2. Transmission Line Basics 3. Analysis Tools
1. Lattice Diagrams 2. Bergeron Diagrams

Bergeron Diagrams

4. 5. 6. 7.

Metrics & Methodology Advanced Transmission Lines Multi-Gb/s Signaling Special Topics

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Contents
Analysis Process
Approach Load Line Setup Initial Wave First Reflection Successive Reflections

Bergeron Diagrams

High-Low Transition Example Application to Non-Linear Devices Conversion to Waveforms Summary References

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Analysis Process: Approach

5V 55W

Example Circuit
50W

40W

Analyze the low-high transition.

Bergeron Diagrams

1. Plot the I-V curves for the transmitter (source) and the receiver (load).
a) Write the Ohms law equations for the equivalent circuits.

Pull-up
5V 55W I

Pull-down
V 40W I

Receiver
V

= RTT

I=0

0V

0V

5 V 55I
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I 0
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Analysis Process: Load Line Setup

b) Plot V as a function of I for each equivalent circuit.
This gives us the load lines for the transmitter and receiver.

200 150

Bergeron Diagrams

Pull-up

100 Iout [mA] 50 0

5 V 55I

Rcvr
-50

I 0
V 40I
Pull-down

-100 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 -3.0 -1.0

-2.0

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Analysis: Initial Wave

2. Start at the steady state, which is defined by the intersection of the pull-down and receiver load lines. 3. Construct the load line for the interconnect. The slope is 1/Z0.
The intersection of load lines for transmission line & pull-up give us the initial voltage and current on the network.
200 150 100

Bergeron Diagrams

Pull-up

Iout [mA]

V = 2.381V I = 47.6 mA

50 0

Rcvr
-50

V = 0.000V I = 0 mA

Pull-down
-100 0.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 6.0

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Analysis: 1st Reflection

4. The next load line segment will have a slope of -1/Z0. The intersection of the load line for the transmission line with the load line for the load resistor defines the voltage and current at the receiver after the first time-of-flight delay:
200 150

Bergeron Diagrams

Pull-up

100 Iout [mA]

V = 2.381 V I = 47.6 mA

50 0

Rcvr
-50

V = 0.000V I = 0 mA

V = 4.762 V I = 0 mA

Pull-down
-100 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 -3.0 -2.0

-1.0

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Analysis: Successive Reflections

5. Continue the process, alternating the load line slopes between 1/Z0 and -1/Z0, until reaching the point at which the load and source lines intersect (steady state high).
2.5
V = 4.975 V I = 2.3 mA

Bergeron Diagrams

2.0

Pull-up Iout [mA]

1.5

1.0

0.5
V = 4.762V I = 0 mA

V = 4.994V I = 0.1 mA

Rcvr
4.85 4.90

V = 4.989V I = 0.0 mA

0.0 4.75 4.80 4.95 5.00

V = 4.999V I = 0.0 mA

V out [V]
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Why Does This Work?

A linear driver follows Ohms law. So does a transmission line. They are connected. At the point of connection, we have to satisfy Kirchoffs current and voltage laws. This effectively leaves us with two equations in two unknowns. The Bergeron diagram is simply a graphical way of solving the simultaneous equations.

Bergeron Diagrams

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High-Low Transition Example

The technique works for high-low transitions.
100 80 60 40
-0.247V 6.2 mA -0.062V Load 0.0 mA

Pull-up

Bergeron Diagrams

Iout [mA]

20 0

-20-0.556V
0.0 mA

-40 -60 -80 -100 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 -1.0 6.0
2.222V -55.6 mA

Pull-down

Vout [V]

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Application to Non-Linear Devices

We can also use the Bergeron diagram with nonlinear sources and loads. For example, consider the following network: I Bergeron Diagrams 70W

PowerPC 604E

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Non-Linear Device Analysis

Lets look at the falling edge transition:
0.20 0.15 0.10

Pull-down Rcvr

Bergeron Diagrams

0.05 I [A] 0.00 -0.05 -0.10

Pull-up

-0.15
-0.20 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 3.5

V [V]

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Non-Linear Device Analysis #2

A closer look at the falling edge transition:
Rcvr

0.045 0.035

Pull-down

Bergeron Diagrams

0.025
I [A] 0.015 0.005 -0.005 -0.015 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Pull-up

V [V]

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An Even Closer Look

0.003

Pull-down
0.002 0.001

Bergeron Diagrams

I [A]

Rcvr
0.000

-0.001
-0.002

-0.003
-0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
14

V [V]
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Conversion to Waveforms
The Bergeron diagram can be used to construct the voltage and current waveforms.
Just read off the voltage (or current) at the intersections. First intersection gives the value at the driver, second at the receiver, etc.
6

Bergeron Diagrams

Rcvr

Example: PowerPC 604E

voltage [V]

5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 time [t d ] 8 10 12 14 Driver

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Summary Bergeron diagrams are another useful interconnect analysis tool.

They provide a graphical solution to the circuit equations. Use them to analyze voltage and current. Bergeron Diagrams

Bergeron diagrams can be used with nonlinear elements. Bergeron diagrams also comprehend the effects of static current on the behavior of our circuits.
Well explore this in the homework

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References
S. Hall, G. Hall, and J. McCall, High Speed Digital System Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Wiley Interscience), 2000, 1st edition. R. Poon, Computer Circuits Electrical Design, Prentice Hall, 1st edition, 1995. Transmission Line Effects in PCB Applications, Motorola Application Note AN1051, 1990. W.R. Blood, MECL System Design Handbook, Motorola, Inc., 4th edition, 1988. The Bergeron Method: A Graphic Method for Determining Line Reflections in Transient Phenomena, Texas Instruments, October 1996. L. Bergeron, Du Coup de Belier en Hydraulique au Coup de Foudre en Electricite, Dunod, Paris, 1949.

Bergeron Diagrams

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