RTOS PORTING ON SMALL FOOT PRINT ARM PROCESSOR AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NETWORK PROTOCOL

SAMADHAN D. MALI
Under the Guidance of
By

PROF. Dr. AJAY D. JADHAV

Department of E&TC

Sinhgad College of Engineering

Contents
Review of Theories

Objective
Introduction Experimentation

Results & Discussions

Conclusion Publications References

Review of Theories
RTOS
Real Time Operating System
Deterministic Nature Services

Task Management Intertask Communication and Synchronization I/O Supervisor Dynamic Memory Allocation Timers

Review of Theories
RTOS Scheduler
1. Non-preemptive scheduling
Low priority task

ISR

ISR makes high priority task ready

Low priority task relinquishes CPU

High priority task

Review of Theories
2. Preemptive scheduling
Low priority task ISR makes high priority task ready ISR High priority task

High priority task relinquishes CPU

Review of Theories
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
MODBUS PROTOCOL

Present at Second level of ISO-OSI Model Its a Serial Line Master-Slave Protocol Query/Response Mode of Communication

Review of Theories

Message Frame Structure

Objective
Designing embedded system has constraints like memory space, energy consumption, reliability,

performance, execution time of an application, small size and capability to upgrade software. In the view of designing embedded system application where the scheduling of multiple tasks is required, the real time operating system is generally used as abstraction layer between hardware and application software. To achieve this, it aimed to design an ARM processor based system for implementation of MODBUS protocol integrating with RTOS COS-II.

Introduction

Block Diagram of the Project

Introduction

Present Theories
Basic structure of circular microstrip antenna is

Problem Statement
Microstrip antennas have
Narrow bandwidth
Poor polarization purity

Objectives
To enhance the bandwidth of circular

microstrip antenna.
To design circularly polarized circular

microstrip antenna

Methodology (Detailed)
1. Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques
1. 2. 3.

Modification of shape Use of stacked structure Use of parasitic patches

CMSA with Two Notches

CMSA using Stacked Structure

Use of Planer Multiresonator Patches

Polarization
Orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio

wave with respect to the earth's surface

Linear Polarization- Only one component present

Circular Polarization When Ex0 = Ey0 and 900 phase difference between them. = Measured in terms of Axial Ratio Otherwise wave is elliptically polarized.

Circular Polarization (CP)

Advantages No requirement of alignment between transmitter and receiver antenna After reflection from metallic objects, sense of polarization reverses, so useful in RADAR, navigational systems Techniques to produce CP

Dual Feed

Single Feed

Conditions for CP
1. E-field must have two orthogonal components 2. These components should have equal magnitude 3. Orthogonal components must be 900 out of phase

Methodology for CP (Selected)

Modification of shape

CMSA with two notches

Design of Simple CMSA

For Simple CMSA
Effective radius (ae ) of the patch in CMSA is calculated as

function 1.84118 c : Velocity of light f0 : Resonant frequency e : Effective dielectric constant

Where Knm : mth zero of first order derivative of Bessels

Design of Simple CMSA

But actual patch radius is required, which can be

calculated as

Where a : actual radius h : Height of dielectric substrate r : Dielectric constant

Design of Simple CMSA

Specifications :
Input 1. Dielectric constant= 4.4 (Material chosen- Glass Epoxy) 2. Height of substrate= 1.6 mm
1. 2.

Output
Resonant Frequency = 2.45 GHz Bandwidth >= 2% Gain 2 dBi

3.

Design of Simple CMSA

Steps
1. For given input parameters, effective patch radius is ae = 17.1 mm 2. From ae , actual patch radius is a= 16.6 mm

Design of CMSA for CP

Change in geometry by amount

Design of CMSA for CP

For minimum AR

Where K11 = 1.84118

1 0 11

0.543 = 0

Design of CMSA for CP

Q0 can be calculated from

For our design

0

=0.013
0 2.55

Q0 46.15 but So

0 =

Q0 ( ) = 60.62

Design of CMSA for CP

So now

= 8.956e-3

But

= 2

= 8.657e-4 =7.753e-6 8 mm
This is perturbation area.
2

Design Parameters for Modified CMSA

Antenna Parameters Circular patch radius Coaxial feed position Coaxial feed probe radius Perturbation Area Length Perturbation Area Width

Optimization
Determining best course of action amongst different

alternatives available in decision making. OR Process of finding optimal value of objective function under given set of constraints Phases in optimization
Modelling 2. Solution of mathematical model 3. Validation of results
1.

If results are not up to the mark

Need of Optimization
In EM, equations are highly nonlinear and complex

Large number of optimization parameters

Output parameters depends upon complex relations between input parameters.
Out of available combinations of input parameters, which would be best?

Optimization Techniques
Random Search Techniques Simulated Annealing Genetic Algorithm Fuzzy Logic Artificial Neural Network

Random Search Based Techniques

Generates random sequence of input parameters and

returns best point

.where value of objective function is lowest

Not suitable
if parameters are many
And if no fix relation between input parameters

Simulated Annealing
In each generation, current solution changed randomly.

X -> X f=f(X)-f(X) If f<=0, Change is accepted If f>=0, change is accepted with conditions Disadvantages
Quality of solutions is not stable.. Computational time is quite long.

Genetic Algorithm
Globally accepted parameter optimization technique

Based on Darwins concept

Survival of the fittest GAs are known as the best approach if the number of unknown parameters increases.

Algorithm in Detail.
Start

Establish encoding/decoding of parameters

Very slow search speed

Generate M random chromosomes

Due to selection of inappropriate parameters

Evaluate cost function for the chromosomes

Premature convergence

Rank chromosomes

Parameters always remain fixed irrespective of Discard inferior chromosomes operating environment
Mate remaining chromosomes

No

Done?

Mutations

Yes

Stop

Fuzzy Logic
Generalization of Boolean logic implementing the concept

of partial truth or uncertainty. Fuzzy logic is conceptually easy to understand. Fuzzy logic can be built on top of the experience of experts. Not so effective when physical processes relationships are not fully understood.

Artificial Neural Network

A computational model inspired from Human Nervous System. Learns from examples Consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons Processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. Resembles human brain in following aspects
Knowledge acquisition through learning process 2. Interneuron connection strengths used to store knowledge
1.

A Simple Artificial Neural Net

x1 Inputs

x1

W1 (Weights)

y2
x2

(Output)

x2
Input Layer

W2

Output Layer

Why ANN ?
Massive parallelism

Distributed representation and computation

Ability and adaptability to learn Generalization ability Expertise in perceptual problems Ease of implementation

ANN Basics
Types of ANN
Feed Back
Feed forward Competitive Recurrent

Training Methods 1. Supervised 2. Unsupervised 3. Reinforcement

ANN Basics
Types of ANN
Feed Back

Feed forward Competitive Recurrent

Training Methods
1. Supervised

Unsupervised 3. Reinforcement
2.

Multilayer Perceptron.
Feed forward network with supervised learning

Goal of this type of network is to create a model that correctly maps the input to the output using historical data
Hidden Layer

Input Parameters

Output Parameters

Single Hidden Layer Multiplayer Perceptron Network

Learning of Multilayer Perceptron

Back Propagation Algorithm

Application of ANN to Project

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Input Parameters Circular patch radius Coaxial feed position Output parameters Bandwidth Resonant Frequency

Coaxial feed probe radius Axial ratio Perturbation Area Length Antenna Efficiency Perturbation Area Width Gain

Input and Output Parameters

ANN Models (Synthesis)

Patch Radius Feed Location Feed Probe Radius Perturbation Area Length Perturbation Area Width Artificial Neural Network Model Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna efficiency Gain

ANN Models (Analysis)

Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna efficiency Gain Artificial Neural Network Model

Patch Radius Feed Location Feed Probe Radius Perturbation Area Length Perturbation Area Width

Before Using ANN

We should decide
1. Number of input and outputs in single training pair
2. Total number of training pairs 3. Number of hidden layers and neurons in each hidden layer

Design Considerations for ANN

1. Number of inputs and outputs in 1 training pair
Patch Radius Feed Location Feed Probe Radius Perturbation Area Length Perturbation Area Width Artificial Neural Network Model Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna efficiency Gain

Synthesis ANN Model

Design Considerations for ANN

2. Total number of training pairs

Database for ANN

Input parameter and no. of combinations

Parameter Patch radius

No. of combinations 3

Actual values considered

Parameter Patch radius Initial value 16.55 mm Final value 16.65 mm Step 0.5 mm

Database for ANN

Input parameter and no. of combinations

Parameter Feed position

No. of combinations 3

Actual values considered

Parameter Initial value Final value Step

Patch radius

5 mm

6 mm

0.5 mm

Database for ANN

Input parameter and no. of combinations

Parameter Feed probe radius

No. of combinations 4

Actual values considered

Parameter Initial value Final value Step

Patch radius

0.5 mm

0.8 mm

0.1 mm

Database for ANN

Input parameter and no. of combinations

Parameter
Length and width of Perturbation Area

No. of combinations
4

Actual values considered

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 Length of P. A. (in mm) 1 2 3 4 Width of P. A. (in mm) 4 2 1.33 1

Database for ANN

Total combinations
Parameter Patch radius No. of combinations 3

Feed position Feed probe radius Length and width of P. A.

3 4 4

Total combinations- (3*3*4*4)=144

Total Number of Training Pairs=144

Database

Design Considerations for ANN

Design Considerations for ANN

Hidden Layer

Input Parameters

Output Parameters

Feed forward network

Design Considerations for ANN

Training Parameters No. of epochs- 5000 (max) Goal = 1e-5

Maximum Number of weights (w) = 95

Structure of Input Layer

5 weights for 1 neuron; 5 Neurons in I/P Layer; Total Weights = 25

Structure of Hidden Layer

5 neurons in previous layer; 7 Neurons in Hidden Layer; Total Weights = 35

Structure of Output Layer

7 neurons in previous layer; 5 Neurons in O/P Layer; Total Weights = 35

Structure of Total Network

Input Layer

Hidden Layer

Output Layer

Performance (Synthesis ANN Model)

Forward Training, Validation and Testing
Average Percentage Deviation Sr. No. No. of Neurons in Hidden Layer 7 6 5 4 No of Epochs Required 48 33 30 87 Training 0.078 0.2042 0.0595 0.0802 Validation 0.7 0.3638 0.1342 0.8796 Testing 0.61 1.088 0.5667 0.7787

1 2 3 4

13

1.0872

4.3304

5.1172

Results
(Synthesis ANN Model)
Sr. No. 1 2 Input Vector 16.55 5

Patch Radius Feed Location Feed Probe Radius Perturbation Area Length Perturbation Area Width Artificial Neural Network Model

Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna efficiency Gain

Sample Number: 75
Parameter Patch Radius Feed position
Feed Probe Radius

Target Vector 89 2.43

Output Vector Percentage Given by ANN Deviation 88.4 2.43 0.7068 0.0037

3
4 5

0.7
3 1.33

3.07
36.37 1.956

3.00
36.47 1.993

2.1737
0.2839 1.9086

Length of P.A. Width of P.A.

Average Percentage Deviation=0.1384

Performance (Analysis ANN Model)

Reverse Training, Validation and Testing
Average Percentage Deviation Sr. No. No. of Neurons in Hidden Layer 7 6 5 4 No of Epochs Required 29 24 15 38 Training 0.1763 0.5362 0.7711 0.6816 Validation 0.4520 0.7756 1.1166 0.8573 Testing 0.7160 1.0259 1.4653 1.2640

1 2 3 4

35

1.1512

4.0969

5.0671

Results
(Analysis ANN Model)
Sr. No. 1 2 Parameter Bandwidth Resonant Freq.
Axial Ratio

Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna efficiency Gain Artificial Neural Network Model

Patch Radius Feed Location Feed Probe Radius Perturbation Area Length Perturbation Area Width

Sample Number: 80
Input Vector 81 2.427 Target Vector 16.65 5.5 Output Vector Percentage Given by ANN Deviation 16.62 5.425 0.4225 1.3712

3
4 5

3.08
35.19 1.81

0.8
3 1.33

0.8376
2.994 1.331

4.669
0.2125 0.0612

Efficiency Gain

Average Percentage Deviation= 1.3533

Results (Analysis ANN Model)

Sr. No. 1
2 3 4

Performance Parameter
Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna Efficiency Gain

Desired value

Physical parameter

Result given by ANN ( in mm )

16.48 5.93 0.4075 4.09 0.9032

110 MHz Patch Radius 2.45 GHz Feed position 1.2 36 % 2 Feed Probe Radius Length of P.A. Width of P.A.

Results Given by IE3D Model

Parameter Bandwidth Resonant frequency Expected value 110 MHz 2.45 GHz Simulated value 112 MHz 2.449 GHZ Percentage Deviation -1.81 0.04

Axial ratio
Antenna efficiency Gain

1.2
36 % 2

1.26
36.66 % 2.02

-0.05
-1.833 1

Average Percentage Deviation= 0.9446

Simulation
Software chosen
IE3D by Zeland corporation Based on method of moments High efficiency, high accuracy and low cost

electromagnetic simulation tool on PCs with Windows based graphic interface. Built-in library for construction of complicated structures, such as circles, rings, spheres, rectangular. 3D and 2D display of current distribution, radiation patterns

Simulation of simple CMSA

Simple CMSA geometry in IE3D MGrid

Results of Simple CMSA

CMSA Simple

S11 Resonant (minimum) Frequency -23 dB 2.449 GHz

S11 vs Frequency

Results of Simple CMSA

CMSA Simple

VSWR 1.149

VSWR vs Frequency

Results of Simple CMSA

Smith Chart

Results of Simple CMSA

Resonant Bandwidth Frequency ( in MHz) (in GHz) 2.449 56 Bandwidth (in %) 2.28 Axial Ratio 46.5 Ant. Efficiency 37.55 Gain

2.09

Simulation Results Comparison

(Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

CMSA Simple Modified

VSWR 1.149 1.06

VSWR Plot

Simulation Results Comparison (Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

CMSA Simple Modified

S11 Resonant (minimum) Frequency -23 dB -30.71 dB 2.449 GHz 2.449 GHz

S11 Plot

Simulation Results Comparison (Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

Smith Chart Plot

Simulation Results Comparison (Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

1.26 3 dB Bandwidth= 31 MHz

Simple CMSA Axial Ratio Plot

Modified CMSA

Simulation Results Comparison (Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

37.55 % 36.99 %

Simple CMSA Modified CMSA Antenna Efficiency Plot

Simulation Results Comparison (Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

2.09 2.02

Simple CMSA

Modified CMSA

Antenna Gain Plot

Simulation Results Comparison (Simple CMSA & Modified CMSA)

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Performance parameter Bandwidth Resonant Frequency Axial Ratio Antenna Efficiency Gain Simple CMSA 56 MHz (2.28%) 2.449 GHz 46.65 37.55 % 2.07 Modified CMSA 112 MHz (4.57%) 2.449 GHZ 1.26 36.99 % 2.02

Experimental Results
VSWR Plot
Simple CMSA Modified CMSA

Bandwidth = 70 MHz fc = 2.47 GHz

Bandwidth= 140 MHz fc = 2.43 GHz

Experimental Results
S11 Plot
Simple CMSA Modified CMSA

Min. S11= -20 dB

Min. S11 = -17.8 dB

Simulation and Experimental Result Comparison

Sr. No. 1 Performance Parameter Bandwidth (in MHz) Simple CMSA Modified CMSA Simulation Experimental Simulation Experimental Result Result Result Result 56 70 112 140

2
3

Bandwidth

(in %)

2.28
2.449

2.83
2.47

4.57
2.449

5.76
2.43

Resonant Frequency (in GHz)

Conclusion
Bandwidth can be increased, almost double.

Axial ratio is achieved near unity, so antenna can be said

as circularly polarized. No shift in resonant frequency of Modified CMSA Slight reduction in antenna gain and efficiency. General model using ANN, for calculation of antenna physical parameters is build and tested. Practical results are almost matching with simulated results.

Publications
Sachin Takale, Dr. Shashikant Lokhande, Design of Circular

Microstrip Antenna for Circular Polarization using ANN, CiiT International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Nov. 2010, pp. 312-318 (Impact Factor 0.765) Sachin Takale, Dr. Shashikant Lokhande, Design of single feed circularly polarized circular microstrip antenna, National Conference on Pervasive Computing, NCPC-2010, April 9-10, 2010 Sachin Takale, Dr. Shashikant Lokhande, Optimization of multilayered microstrip antenna using fuzzy-genetic approach, e-PGCoN, April 28, 2008.

References John Wiley & Sons (Asia) [1] Constantine A. Balani, Antenna Theory, 3 edition,
rd

Pvt. Ltd. 2005. pp. 1-17,722-7846. [2] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artech House, Norwood, MA. 2001. [3] Girish Kumar, K. P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas , Artech House, Norwood, MA. 2003 [4] S. N. Sivanandam, S. Sumathi, S. N. Deepa, Introduction to Neural Networks using MATLAB 6.0, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006 [5] Howard Demuth, Mark Beale, Neural Network Toolbox Version 4.0.4, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, 2004. [6] Constantine A. Balani, Antenna Theory: A Review, Invited Paper, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 7-23, January 1992 [7] David M Pozar, Microstrip Antennas, Invited Paper, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 79-91, January 1992. [8] Keith R. Carver, James W. Mink, Microstrip Antenna Technology, IEEE transactions on Antennas and Propagation vol. AP-29, no. 1, pp. 2-23, January 1981.

References
[9] S.Devi, Dhruba C Panda and Shyam S Pattnaik, A novel method of using Artificial Neural Networks to calculate input impedance of circular microstrip antenna, IEEE, 2002.

[10] E. R. Brinhole1, J. F. Z. Destro, A. A. C. de Freitas, and N. P. de Alcantara Jr.,Determination of Resonant Frequencies of Triangular and Rectangular Microstrip Antennas, using Artificial Neural Networks, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium 2005, Hangzhou, China, August 22-26, pp. 579-582
[11] V. V. Thakare and P. Singhal, Bandwidth Analysis By Introducing Slots In Microstrip Antenna Design Using ANN, Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 9, 107-122, 2009. [12] V. V. Thakare and P. Singhal, Neural network Based CAD model for the design of rectangular patch antennas, Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol.1 (7), pp. 129-132, October, 2009

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