COMPARATIVE STUDY

ON
GSM,GPRS &

CDMA
TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY : PAVANI MAGOO KANIKA

Palm-sized

Tablets

Clamshell handhelds

Laptop computers

Netenabled mobile phones

 First-generation: Analog cellular systems (450-900 MHz) Frequency shift keying; FDMA for spectrum sharing NMT (Europe), AMPS (US) Second-generation: Digital cellular systems (900, 1800 MHz) TDMA/CDMA for spectrum sharing; Circuit switching GSM (Europe), IS-136 (US), PDC (Japan) <9.6kbps data rates 2.5G: Packet switching extensions Digital: GSM to GPRS; Analog: AMPS to CDPD <115kbps data rates 3G: Full-fledged data services High speed, data and Internet services IMT-2000, UMTS <2Mbps data rates

 Single hop wireless connectivity

Space divided into cells A base station is responsible to communicate with

hosts in its cell Mobile hosts can change cells while communicating Hand-off occurs when a mobile host starts communicating via a new base station
Factors for determining cell size
No. of users to be supported Multiplexing and transmission technologies

 Limited number of frequencies => limited channels High power antenna => limited number of users Smaller cells => frequency reuse possible => more users Base stations (BS): implement space division multiplex Cluster: group of nearby BSs that together use all available channels Mobile stations communicate only via the base station FDMA, TDMA, CDMA may be used within a cell As demand increases (more channels are needed) Number of base stations is increased Transmitter power is decreased correspondingly to avoid interference

 Each cell is served by a base station (BS) Each BSS is connected to a mobile switching center

(MSC) through fixed links Each MSC is connected to other MSCs and PSTN

MSC

MSC

HLR VLR

HLR

To other MSCs

VLR

PSTN

PSTN

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

INTRODUCTION
GSM is a mobile telephony network based on the cellular concept. Users can place and receive calls without being fixed to a specific location or wired to a physical connection. To supply this capability, a GSM network consists of four Basic components: The Mobile Station (MS). The Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS). The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS).

1) Mobile Station- A Mobile Station consists of two main elements i.e mobile equipment or terminal and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). 2) The Base Station Subsystem -The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS.

3) The Network and Switching Subsystem-Its main role is to manage the communications between the mobile users and other users, such as mobile users, ISDN users etc. 4) The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)-The OSS is connected to the different components of the NSS and to the BSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM system.

FUNCTIONS
1)Transmission. 2)Provides higher digital voice quality . 3)Provides roaming services. 4)Communication Management (CM). 5)Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM). 6) Low cost alternative.

GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

INTRODUCTION
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is a standardized packet switched data service for GSM.

The GPRS provides us with: 1) Fast coverage rollout, adding packet switching nodes to an existing GSM network. 2) Efficient use of scarce radio resources

GPRS design is to support burst data transfer.

Two new elements are added to keep packet data traffic separated from traditional GSM voice and data. i.e. a) The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) b) The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN).
The migration path from GSM to GPRS requires: a) Additional packet switching nodes b) Software upgrades in the base station subsystem c) Transmission links can be reused d) Station Controllers (BSCs) for both GSM and GPRS.

 Radio resources are allocated for only one or a few

packets at a time, so GPRS enables

many users to share radio resources, and allow efficient

transport of packets connectivity to external packet data networks volume-based charging

High data rates (up to 171 kbps in ideal case) GPRS carries SMS in data channels rather than

signaling channels as in GSM

 Requires addition of a new class of nodes called GSNs

(GPRS Support Nodes)

SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node, GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node

BSC requires a PCU (Packet Control Unit) and various

other elements of the GSM n/w require software upgrades All GSNs are connected via an IP-based backbone. Protocol data units (PDUs) are encapsulated and tunneled between GSNs

ADVANTAGES
Faster Data Transfer Rates Always-On Connection Robust Connectivity Broad Application Support Security Support

PN Code Freq

Freq

Freq

Time

Time

Time CDMA

FDMA

TDMA

 In FDMA, the entire allocated cellular frequency spectrum is divided into a number of 30-kHz channels . The power transmitted by a cell is only large enough to communicate with mobile stations located near the edge of the cells coverage area. The radius of a cell might be one mile or lessreferred to as a small cell.

FDMA Overview
Frequency C

f2
f1

f0

Time

 TDMA is a digital wireless air interface . It divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots, each of which constitutes an independent telephone circuit.

TDMA Overview

A B
C B A C B A C B A C B A

Frequency f0

C Time

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

INTRODUCTION
CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space. The spectral spreading of the transmitted signal gives to CDMA its multiple access capability.
CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum communications

 A digital multiple access technique specified by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as "IS-95." One of the unique aspect of CDMA is that while there are certainly limits to the number of phone calls that can be handled by a carrier, this is not a fixed number . Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a digital air interface standard, claiming eight to fifteen times the capacity of analog.

What is CDMA ?
spread spectrum Base-band Spectrum Radio Spectrum Code B

B
B

Code A

Code A

A C A C

Freque

B A

B A

B A

C B

Sender

Time

Receiver

 Classification of CDMA Systems

CDMA SYSTEMS

CDMA one

CDMA 2000

IS95

IS95B

JSTD 008

Wide Band

Narrow Band

 Multiple Access in CDMA:

o o o o

Each user is assigned a unique PN code. Each user transmits its information by spreading with unique code. Direct Sequence spread spectrum is used. Users are seperated by code not by time slot and freq slot.

 Concept of CDMA
o o

Users share same bandwidth User axis shows cumulative signal strength of all users

User

Code 4 Code 3 Code2 Code 1 Freq

 General Architecture Of CDMA

BSC HLR VLR MSC BTS Abis
MS

BTS
SI M
ME

PSTN, ISDN

BSC

EIR

AuC
NS Network Subsystem

Um
Mobile station

A BSS Base Station Subsystem

 Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks

o o

Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station: 1. Personal Mobility 2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) 3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)

 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

o o

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC

BTS : Base Tranceiver station 1. It defines the cell . BSC 2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile station BSC: Base station Controller 1. It manages radio resources for one or more BTS. 2. Allocation and Deallocation of channels. 3. Transmitter power control. 4. Handoff control

HLR

VLR MSC

BS C
EIR

PSTN, ISDN

AuC

Network Subsystem o MSC: Mobile Switching Center o HLR: Home Location Register o VLR: Visitor Location register o AuC: Authentication Center o EIR: Equipment Identity Register

Mobile Switching center:(MSC)

1 Call set up/supervision/release 2 Call routing 3 Billing information collection 4 Mobility management 5 Paging, Echo cancellation connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange networks 6 Access to HLR and VLR

Home Location Register (HLR)

1 One HLR per CDMA operator 2 Contains permanent M database of all the subscribers in the network 3 Contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.) 4 It is reffered for every incomming call

Visitor Location Register(VLR)

1. Temporary visitors database 2. One VLR per MSC

Authentication Center(AuC)
1. Provides security 2. Authentication and encryption

Equipment Identity Register:

1. Contains IMEI

 Handoff
GMS C MSC MSC Handoff is of 3 types 1. Intra BSC 2 Inter BSC 3. Inter MSC

BSC

BSC

BSC

Location Update
BSC

VLR MSC HLR BSC MSC PSTN . ISDN GMS C

VLR

Comparison between CDMA and TDMA/FDMA:

In TDMA Band width available for transmission is small which leads to compromise in quality of transmission. Whereas in CDMA systems entire spectrum is used which enhances voice quality. In TDMA/FDMA, cell design requires more frequency planning which is tough job. Whereas in CDMA frequency planning is minimal. TDMA is Band limited system. CDMA is Power limited system

Some Pics Of BSC

Some Pics Of BTS

CDMA
ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
Increased Cellular Communication Security.
Soft Handoff Because Of Same Carrier Frequency Increased Efficiency, Meaning That The Carrier Can Serve More Subscriber. Smaller Phones. Low Power Requirements And Little Cell-to-Cell Coordination Needed By Operators. Extended Reach - Beneficial To Rural Users Situated Far From
Cells.

CDMA
DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
NEAR FAR PROBLEM. CDMA IS RELATIVELY NEW, AND THE NETWORK IS NOT AS MATURE AS GSM.

CDMA CAN NOT OFFER INTERNATIONAL ROAMING, A LARGE GSM ADVANTAGE.

CONCLUSION
GSM has been the catalyst in the tremendous shift in traffic volume from fixed networks to mobile networks.

GPRS cost is less than circuit- switched services since communication channels are being used on a shared basis and also the packets are need-based rather than dedicated only to one user.
CDMA, for Code Division Multiple Access, is different than those traditional ways in that it does not allocate frequency or time in user slots but gives the right to use both to all users simultaneously.

Thank you !!!