HISTORICAL METHOD

Ruzzell Bagui Cris Angelo Gonzales Michaela Haydee Buco Kevin Joshua Reyes Rachelle Ann Buco Paula Victoria Ramirez Daniel Del Mundo BSTTM IV Blk. 1 Michelle Joyce Galdiano

The search for knowledge and the truth a searching to find out Any integrated narrative or descriptions of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth (Nevins, 1988) Accumulation of facts in relation to particular time sequence to determine whether or what certain events in history actually happened. (McAshan, 1963) Most difficult type of educational research Important and necessary

It must be selected and the problem delimited.

Historical problems from a knowledge of current practrices and an interest in how these practices developed. One must find a historical study that could trace the development of the present system and weigh the various factors contributing to the establishment of this system would provide an understanding of the current practices that could be of considerable value in evaluating its effectiveness in present-day instruction.

SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA

usually classified as either dociments or relics.

a.) DOCUMENTS - written, printed and recorded for the purpose of transmitting information.

b.) RELICS physical objects related to a particular period

or to the institution being studied.

PRIMARY SOURCES
only solid bases of historical work these come in the form of documents or remains which are first-hand witnesses to a fact

SECONDARY SOURCES
an account of the trial, an editorial for exmaple, by one not present in the particular event, tends to lose its primary character.

The problem of authenticity is frequent in historical documents The development of certain auxiliary sciences and of printing and photography has contributed greatly to the work of external criticism Epigraphy Diplomatic Paleography Philology
Archeology, anthropology and prehistory Chemistry and the papermakers art

 is textual criticism Competence Good faith Position Bias of the author it can be positive and negative

Although both positive and negative criticisms are essential in historical research, the student should not go so far as to be cynical and hypercritical. - Garraghan (1996)

The literal meaning and the real meaning in modern documents are usually the same. Except in the case of figures of speech

Competence of the Observer

Tests of an author's competence includes: his status as a trained eyewitness or observer the presence or absence of emotional stress as affecting observation the extent to which memory was used after a lapse of time the use of original sources Memory is untrustworthy, especially after a long lapse of time and with the approach of old age.

Test of truthfulness and honesty

gives the following tests of truthfulness: 1. What is the personal or vested interest of the author, if any ? 2. To what race, nation, party, region, sect, social level, economic group, or profession, which might introduce elements of bias or prejudice does the observer belong? 3.To what extent is the statement a conventional form where set formulas rather that true sentiments are expressed? 4. Is there evidence of vanity or boasting? 5. Does the author want to please some particular individual, group, or even the general public? 6. Are exaggerations or embellishments in the form of literary artifices and rhetorical flourishes employed t produce desired effects?

The writing of history usually presents more perplexing difficulties than merely the collection and/or criticism of data.

Historical writing appears to be uninteresting reading, it being replete with documentaries that relate the truth in its naked form, wanting of the common flourish which the literary style can furnish. It is however valuable for, if the facts presented are given careful thought, they cannot fail to have meaning for our lives today and therefore exercise a powerful influence upon our actions

The use of references in educational, psychological, and social science literature is very important.

Which is the appropriation of the ideas of another without acknowledgement or recognition of the source used.

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