2

1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Carrier nutrient & waste product Maintain the structure of large molecules (protein & glycogen) Participates in metabolic reaction Regulator of normal body temperature Maintains blood volume Act as lubricant & cushion (joint, eye, spinal cord, amnion)

1. 2.

3.

Every cells exact intracellular fluids & bathed extracellular fluids These fluids continually lose & replace composition in each compartment remarkably constant under normal condition Imbalance (normal condition) quick response by adjusting water intake & excretion

4.

5.

Thirst & satiety influence water intake blood becomes concentrate, mouth become dry, hypothalamus initiates drinking behavior stomach & heart (blood monitor) send signal to stop drinking To much water loss & not replaced dehydration

Body Weight Lost (%) 1-2 3-4 5-6

Symptoms Thirst, fatigue, weakness, vague discomfort, loss of appetite Impaired physical performance, dry mouth, reduction in urine, flushed skin, impatience, apathy Difficulty in concentration, headache, irritability, sleepiness, impaired temperature regulation , increase respiratory rate

7-10

Dizziness, spastic muscle, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion, collapse

6. 7. 8.

Water intoxication rare excessive intake & kidney disease Water losses normal : 500 ml urine, lung, skin Water recommendation: 1 -1,5 ml/kcal (adults), and 1,5 ml/kcal (infant & athlete)

Central to regulation of blood volume & blood pressure are kidney

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First Regulator 1. ADH & water retention blood volume & blood pressure falls/extracellular become too concentrate pituitary gland ADH (anti diuretic hormone) = water conserving hormone kidney reabsorb water

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Second Regulator 2. Renin & sodium retention kidney cells response low blood pressure renin reabsorb sodium = restore blood volume & blood pressure

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Third Regulator 3. Angiotensin & blood vessel constriction renin activate protein angiotensinogen angiotensin = powerful vasoconstriction narrows the diameters blood vessel raising blood pressure

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Fourth Regulation 4. Aldosterone & sodium retention angiotensin mediates the hormone aldosterone adrenal gland kidney retain more sodium & water more water needed, less is excreted

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Maintaining a balance 2/3 body fluid inside cells & 1/3 outside = vital too more : rapture, too less : collapse major mineral to control

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1.

Dissociation of salt in water salt (ex. NaCl) + water dissociates ions (Na+ & Cl-) cation & anion electrical current electrolyte = electrolyte solution balance concentration

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2.

Electrolyte attract water water charge zero (slightly O- & slightly H+) electrolyte solution attract water molecules around them dissolve salt in water & enables the body to move fluids into appropriate compartment

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3.

Water follows electrolyte outside cells (Na & Cl), inside cells (K, Mg, Phosphate, Sulfur) when move across membrane, water follows water across membrane process called = osmosis

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4.

Protein regulate flow of fluids & ions regulate the passage of positive ions & other substance regulator protein sodium-potassium pump actively exchange sodium for potassium across membrane using ATP

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5.

Regulation of fluid & electrolyte balance regulation in two sites : GI tract & the kidneys GI tract digestive juice (contain minerals) these mineral & those from food reabsorbed in large intestine as needed 8 ltr/day recycled this way opportunity for regulation The kidneys to regulate the electrolyte content depend on adrenal gland aldosterone reabs sodium-excr potassium to regulate water depend on ADH

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1.

Sodium & chloride most easily lost because they are the bodys principal extracellular cation & anion first loss when sweating, bleeding/excrt

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2.

Different solutes lost by different routes vomiting & diarrhea = sodium, kidney tumors = potassium, diabetes uncontrol = solute (glucose) & fluids dehydration water alone cannot restore

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3.

Replacing lost fluids & electrolyte in normal drink water & eat food, in abnormal simple formula (ORT = oral rehydration therapy)

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The Body must maintain the pH within narrow range life-

threatening consequences slight deviation damage protein = metabolic mayhem enzymes couldnt catalyzed reaction, hemoglobin cannot carry oxygen

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The acidity concentration of hydrogen (H+), hydrogen =

acid Normal metabolism generate hydrogen

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Three systems defend ph-buffer blood, respiration lungs

& excretion kidney

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1.

By buffer bicarbonate (a base) & carbonic acid (an acid) ~ body fluids against changes in acidity

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2.

By the lungs carbon dioxide (from metab) ~ carbonic acid in blood dissociated hydrogen & bicarbonate ~ can balancing pH by reaction with carbonic acid carbonic acid produce ~ respiration rate speed up bicarbonate ~ respiration rate slow down

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3.

By kidneys primary role in maintaining long- term control of acid-base balance ~ by which ions to retain & which to excrete their work is complex total acid burden remains nearly constant ~ urines acidity fluctuates to accommodate that balance

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