C++ Basics

A First Program - Greeting.cpp

Preprocessor directives // Program: Display greetings Comments

#include <iostream> Function named main() indicates start of program

Provides simple access using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello world!" << endl; return 0; } Ends executions of main() which ends program Insertion statement

Function

Greeting Output

Comments in C++

Single line comments (//)

Multiple line comments (/*.*/)

Escape sequences
Escape Sequence \n \t \r \a \\ \ \

Description
New Line Tab space Carriage return Alert. Sound system bell Print back slash character Print single quote character Print double quote character

New Line Character \n

#include<iostream> using namespace std; void main ( ) { cout << "Hello \n Welcome to C++"; }

Output:
Hello Welcome to C++

New Line Character \n

#include<iostream> using namespace std; void main ( ) { cout << "Hello \n"; cout<< Welcome to C++"; } Output:

Hello Welcome to C++

Tab space \t
#include<iostream> using namespace std; void main (void) { cout << "Hello \n"; cout<<Hello! \t Welcome to C++; } Output:

Hello Hello!

Welcome to C++

Activity 1

Print the output

Welcome to Computer Programming Course

Data Types

A computer program operates on data and produces an output. In C++, each data must be of specific data type. The data type determines how the data is represented in the computer and kind of processing the computer can perform on it.
Types of data

integer (int) Float (float) Boolean Characters (char)

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Integers (int)

integers are whole numbers with a range of values.

used to store numbers Example: 5, 6, 100, 2500

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Float

used to represent floating point numbers.

Examples: 9.1314, 3.1254

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Character

character types can hold a single character.

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boolean

Boolean or Flag type is a type which can represent only two values: 0 and 1, usually identified with false and true respectively. This type can be stored in memory using a single bit. e.g.

main() { bool x=true; //or x=false

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Variables

A storage box, its type defines the kind of stuff you store in it

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Variable

Variable is a box In computer, a storage box is a memory location on RAM

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Memory in Computer

First you ask computer to give you a box and you also have to specify what type of box you want

Each little box is a memory location

Occupied Memory Spaces

Free Memory Spaces

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Rules for Variable Naming

The first character must be letter or underscore ( _ ). You can use upper and lowercase letters and digits from 1 to 9. Identifier can be as long as you like but only the first 250 character are recognizable in C++ Compiler.

Integer Variables Example

#include<iostream> using namespace std; void main ( ) { int var1; int var2, var3; var1 = 20; var2 = var1 + 10; cout<<Result =; cout<<var2<< endl; }

//define var1 //define var2, var3 //assign value to var1 //assign value to var2 //displaying the sum of var1 + 10 Output: Result=30

Character Variable Example

#include<iostream> using namespace std; void main ( ) { char charvar1 = A; char charvar2 = \t; cout << charvar1; cout << charvar2; charvar1 = B; cout << charvar1; }

//define char variable // display character //reassigning charvar1 to B Output:

Float Variable Example

#include<iostream> using namespace std; void main ( ) { float rad=2, area; float Pi =3.14; area = Pi * rad * rad; cout <<"Area is " << area << endl; getch(); }
Output:

Area is 12.56

Summary

Constant

values used in a program that are not changed during the course of program. e.g.

Circumference=2*pi*r. area=pi*r*r

pi is declared as a constant here.

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Defining constant
main() { const int i = 5; i = 10; //error, can not modify constant i++; // error, can not modify constant }

Basic Input in c++

cin with insertion operators >>. cin>> tells computer to wait for input from user (keyboard). When a value is entered, it needs to be stored/boxed in the appropriate variable.

Input example

int age; cin >> age;

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Activity 2
Input three integer values from keyboard into variables a, b and c.

Activity 3
Assign the product of variables b and c to a as entered by the user.

Arithmetic operators

Addition + Subtraction Multiplication * Division / Remainder %

Shorthand:
a=a+b a=a-b a=a*b a=a/b a=a%b a+=b a-=b a*=b a/=b a%=b

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Operator precedence

() * / % + -

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Activity 4
What prints when each of the following c++ statement is executed? Assume x=2 and y=3.
1.

cout<<x; cout<<x+x; cout<<x=; cout<<x=<<x; cout<<x+y<<=<<y+x;

2.

3.

4.

5.

Activity 5
Write a program that calculates the square of a number entered by the user and displays output as below.
Value Square

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Increment Operators

You often need to add 1 to the value of an existing variable. Normal way to do this is count = count + 1; Or using an arithmetic assignment operator
count += 1;

Another approach is
++count; The ++ operator increments its arguments.

Increment Operators

Prefix and Postfix The increment operator can be used in two ways

Prefix: meaning that the operator precedes the variable Postfix: meaning that operator follows the variable.

Example: 1. result = result * ++count;

Note: In this scenario count is incremented first than multiplied by result.

2.

result = result * count++

Increment Operator Example

void main () { int count = 10; cout<< count = <<count; cout<< count=<< ++count; cout<< count=<<count++; cout<<count=<<count; }

// count=10 //count = 11 //count = 11 //count = 12

Activity 6
What would be the output int i=6, j=2; cout<<i<<endl; cout<<i++<<endl; cout<<++i<<endl; cout<<j++<<endl; cout<<++i-j<<endl; cout<<i-j--<<endl;

Output
6 6 8 2 6 6

Integer and Float Conversion

rules that are used for implicit conversion of floating point and integer values in C++ are;

An arithmetic operation between an integer and integer always yields an integer result. Operation between a real and real always yields a real result

Operation between an integer and real always yields a real result.

Type Conversion In Assignment

In some Cases, it may happen that the type of the expression on the right hand side and the type of the variable on the left hand side of the assignment operator may not be same.

In that case the value of the expression is promoted or demoted depending on the type of the variable on left hand side of assignment operator.

Type Conversion in Assignments

Example int i; float y; i = 35.9; y = 10;

As 35.9 is of float type it cannot be stored in i of int type. In this case float is demoted to an int and then value is stored in i. So the value of i will be 35. Same will happen in y i.e. 10 will be promoted to 10.00 and then will be stored in y.

Type Conversion in Assignment

float a=1.0, b = 2.0, c = 10.0; int s; s = a * b * c / 100 + 32 / 4 3 * 1.1;

In the above example, some of the operands are of type int and some of them are of type float. As we know during evaluation of the expression int will be promoted to float and result would be of type float. But when this float value is assigned to s, it is again demoted to an int and then stored in s.

Thank You