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Chapter Outline
Quantification of Data Univariate Analysis Subgroup Comparisons Bivariate Analysis Introduction to Multivariate Analysis Sociological Diagnostics Ethics and Quantitative Data Analysis Quick Quiz
Quantification of Data
Quantification Analysis The numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect.
Age
Political Affiliation
1 2 3 4 5
= = = = =
1 2 3 4 5
Region of Country
Sex
Male = 1 Female = 2
Codebook Construction
Codebook
The document used in data processing and analysis that tells the location of different data items in a data file.
The
codebook also identifies the locations of data items and the meaning of the codes used. of the Codebook
Purposes
1.
2.
Figure 14.1
ATTEND
Numerical Label
Variable Attributes
Data Entry
Excel
SPSS
Univariate Analysis
Univariate Analysis The analysis of a single variable, for purposes of description (examples: frequency distribution, averages, and measures of dispersion).
Example:
The
Gender
Distributions
Frequency
Distributions A description of the number of times the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample.
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.4
Central Tendency
Average
An ambiguous term generally suggesting typical or normal a central tendency (examples: mean, median, mode).
Mean an average computed by summing the values of several observations and dividing by the number of observations. Mode- an average representing the most frequently observed value or attribute. Median an average representing the value of the middle case in a rank-ordered set of observations.
100, 94, 88, 91, 75, 61, 93, 82, 70, 88, 71, 88
Figure 14.5
Dispersion The distribution of values around some central value, such as an average. Standard Deviation A measure of dispersion around the mean, calculated so that approximately 68 percent of the cases will lie within plus or minus one standard deviation from the mean, 95 percent within two, and 99.9 percent within three standard deviations.
Figure 14.6
Continuous Variable A variable whose attributes form a steady progression, such as age of income.
Discrete Variable A variable whose attributes are separate from one another, such as gender or political affiliation.
reader with fullest degree of detail, balanced with presenting data in a manageable form.
Subgroup Comparisons
Description of subsets of cases, subjects or respondents. Collapsing Response Categories Handling Dont Knows
Bivariate Analysis
Bivariate Analysis The analysis of two variables simultaneously, for the purpose of determine the empirical relationship between them.
2.
Determine logical direction of relationship (independent variable and dependent variable). Percentage down versus percentage across.
Figure 14.7
Percentaging a Table
Constructing and Reading Bivariate Tables Example: Gender and Attitude toward Sexual Equality
1.
2.
3.
The cases are divided into men and women. Each gender subgrouping is described in terms of approval or disapproval of sexual equality. Men and women are compared in terms of the percentages approving of sexual equality.
Contingency Table A format for presenting the relationship among variables as percentage distributions.
A table should have a heading or title that describes what is contained in the table. Original content should be clearly presented. The attributes of each variable should be clearly indicated. The base on which percentage are computed should be indicated. Missing data should be indicated in the table.
Multivariate Analysis The analysis of the simultaneous relationships among several variables.
Quick Quiz
1. To conduct a quantitative analysis, researchers often must engage in a _____ after the data have been collected. A. coding process B. case-oriented analysis C. experimental analysis D. field research study
Answer: A. To conduct a quantitative analysis, researchers often must engage in a coding process after the data have been collected.
2. Which of the following describe the analysis of more than two variables? A. experimental designs B. quasi-experimental designs C. qualitative evaluations D. multivariate analysis
Answer: D. Multivariate analyses describe the analysis of more than two variables.
3. The process of converting data to numerical format is called _____. A. feminist research B. qualification C. quantification
4. Which of the following are basic approaches to the coding process? A. You can begin with a well developed coding scheme. B. You can generate codes from your data. C. both of the above D. none of the above
ANSWER: C. The following are basic approaches to the coding process: you can begin with a well developing coding scheme and/or you can generate codes from your data.
5. A _____ is a document that describes the locations of variables and lists the assignments of codes to the attributes composing those variables. A. cross-case analysis B. codebook C. constant comparative method D. monitoring study
ANSWER: B. A codebook is a document that describes the locations of variables and lists the assignments of codes to the attributes composing those variables.
6. The _____ is an average computed by summing the values of several observations and divided by the number of observations. A. frequency B. mean C. median D. mode
ANSWER: B. The mean is an average computed by summing the values of several observations and divided by the number of observations.
7. Which of the following are aimed at explanation? A. multivariate analysis B. bivariate analysis C. univariate analysis D. both A and B
8. The multivariate techniques can serve as power tools for A. predicting behavior. B. diagnosing social problems. C. reacting to issues. D. all of the above
ANSWER: B. The multivariate techniques can serve as powerful tools for diagnosing social problems.