1

1. KHI NIM GHP KNH

FDM ( FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ) TDM ( TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ) WDM ( WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING ) CDM ( CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING )
2

2. GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO TN S FDM

NGUYN L

2. FDM
H THNG

2. FDM- GII THIU H THNG AT&T

AT&T (USA) Group 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz Range 60kHz to 108kHz Supergroup 60 channel FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612 kHz Mastergroup 10 supergroups

2. FDM- GII THIU H THNG AT&T

2. FDM-H THNG AT&T LEVEL 1

2. FDM-H THNG AT&T LEVEL 2

2. FDM-H THNG AT&T LEVEL 3

2. GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO TN S FDM

V D

10

3. GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (TDM)

NGUYN L

11

3. TDM
H THNG

12

3. TDM
V D
Voice A

For Analog Signals

Codec
64 kbps

Buffer

Voice B

Codec

64 kbps

Buffer

Voice C

Codec

64 kbps

Buffer MUX

A B C .... X Fr A B ....

Voice D

Codec

64 kbps

Buffer

Voice X

Codec

64 kbps

Buffer
Frame Pattern

2048 Kbps Clock

13

3. TDM
V D

For Digital Signals

C.O
n bps n bps n bps n bps . . . . . n bps High-Speed Transmission Line (n m + Overhead)

CH 1 2 3 4
. . . . . M

C.O
n bps n bps n bps n bps . . . . . n bps

MUX

MUX

CH 1 2 3 4 .
. . . .

Line Code USA Europe T1 E1

n 64K 64K

m 24 31

Line Speed 1.544 Mbps 2.048 Mbps

Overhead 8 kbps 64 kbps

14

TDM-E1
15

1. GII THIU E1 (PCM 32)

Serial synchronous bit stream at 2.048 Mbps Specifications defined in CCITT recommendations: G.704/G.732 Frame definition (for framing over E1 and T1) G.703 Interface physical specs (pulse mask, etc.) G.823 Jitter requirements Interface (G.703) - two alternatives 4-wire, balanced 120W, pulse = 3.00 volts nominal 4-wire, unbalanced, 2 coaxial connectors 75W, pulse = 2.37 volts nominal
16

1. GII THIU E1 (CONT)

1
64 kbps
-

31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

PCM 30

30 or 31

64 kbps

Voice with CAS Signaling Applications

30 64 kbps Signaling (Timeslot 16) Framing (Timeslot 0) Total, E1

1.920 Mbps 0.064 Mbps 0.064 Mbps 2.048 Mbps

Data Applications or CCS Signaling

31 64 kbps Framing (Timeslot 0) Total, E1

1.984 Mbps 0.064 Mbps 2.048 Mbps

17

2. Frame Format for E1

1 Frame = 256 bits (125 ms)

Bit Rate = 2.048 kbps

Channel 0 F

1 Channels 1 to 15

15

16 Sig

17

31

Channels 17 to 31

Channel 16 Optional Signaling Channel

Channel 0 Sync. Timing & Control Data

18

4. G.732/G.704 Framing

Khe thi gian nh s t TS 0 -TS 31. TS 0 dng cho: Synchronization - Alarm Transport - International Carrier

TS16 : Channel Associated Signaling (CAS).

G.704 s dng bo hiu Common Channel Signaling(CCS) nn TS16 s dng cho truyn data.

19

5. Timeslot 0

ng dng bnh thng, nu khng s dng ERROR CHECKING c ch nh bi G.704 -> Timeslot 0 s dng cc International bits v National bits. G.704 m t ty chn ERROR DETECTION vi CRC-4 checksum cho Frames 0 ->7, v Frames 8 >15. Khi OPTIONAL format s c s dng nh sau: EVEN FRAME's International bit c thay cho CRC-4 bit. National Bits c dng nh SPARE BITS.
20

6. Timeslot 0 Normal Operation (Without CRC-4)

21

6. Timeslot 0 Optional Operation (WITH CRC-4)

S dng 4-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). CRC bits trong Frames 0, 2, 4, v 6 dng cho pht hin li transmitted/received SUB-MULTIFRAME (Frames 0 -> 7). CRC bits trong Frames 8, 10, 12, v 14 dng cho pht hin li transmitted/received SUB-MULTIFRAME (Frames 8 -> 15):
22

6. Timeslot 0 Optional Operation (WITH CRC-4)

23

7. Timeslot 16
CCITT G.704, Timeslot 16 c th dng cho thng tin CAS hoc dng truyn data nu CCS. Trong CCS, Mt giao thc bo hiu s c dng gia hai thit b kt ni E1: SS7, ISDN, hoc PBX/Switch Proprietary protocols nh sau:

24

7. Timeslot 16 (tt)

Khi Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) c dng, ITU recommendation G.732 s dng "MultiFrame" format bo hiu cho lung E1 nh sau: 4 bit u Timeslot 16, Frame 0 dng cho MultiFrame Alignment Signal (MFAS).

25

7. Timeslot 16 (tt)

Timeslot 16 ca Frames 1-15 l signaling bits. Ch trng thi ABCD = 0000 khng c php. Nu tt c cc bit trong Timeslot 16 l 0, => Loss of MultiFrame Alignment Signal. Khi ch c A-Bit only signaling is used (No BCD bits), BCD bits s c nh l: B=1, C=0, D=1 (101).

26

8. Tm tt TS0 (Without-CRC4) & TS16(CAS)

Khung S
0 1 2

TS0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

TS16 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3
. .

.
15

27

8. Tm tt TS0 (Without-CRC4) & TS16(CAS)

X = Spare Bits, set to 1 if not used. N=National Bits. I =International Bits Y = Yellow Alarm (Loss of MultiFrame Alignment Signal) (0 = Normal | 1 = Loss of MFAS)

Khung S
0 1 2

TS0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I I I 0 1 0 0 A 0 1 N 1 1 0 1 1 N 1

1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0

TS16 5 6 7 8
X Y X X

N N N 1 0 1

SIG - Ch1 SIG - Ch2

SIG - Ch16 SIG - Ch17

3
4 5

I
I I

1
0 1

A
0 A

N N N N
1 N 1 0 1

N
1 N

SIG - Ch3
SIG - Ch4 SIG - Ch5

SIG - Ch18
SIG - Ch19 SIG - Ch20

N N N

6
7

I
I

0
1

0
A

1
N

1 0

1
N

SIG - Ch6
SIG - Ch7

SIG - Ch21
SIG - Ch22

N N N

28

8. Tm tt TS0 (Without-CRC4) &TS16(CAS)

X = Spare Bits, set to 1 if not used. N=National Bits. I =International Bits Y = Yellow Alarm (Loss of MultiFrame Alignment Signal) (0 = Normal | 1 = Loss of MFAS)

Khung S
8 9 10

TS0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I I I 0 1 0 0 A 0 1 N 1 1 0 1 1 N 1

1 2 3 4
SIG - Ch8 SIG - Ch9 SIG - Ch10

TS16 5 6 7 8
SIG - Ch23 SIG - Ch24 SIG - Ch25

N N N 1 0 1

11
12 13

I
I I

1
0 1

A
0 A

N N N N
1 N 1 0 1

N
1 N

SIG - Ch11
SIG - Ch12 SIG - Ch13

SIG - Ch26
SIG - Ch27 SIG - Ch28

N N N

14
15

I
I

0
1

0
A

1
N

1 0

1
N

SIG - Ch14
SIG - Ch15

SIG - Ch29
SIG - Ch30

N N N

29

9. NH DNG A KHUNG E1 (Without- CRC-4 & CAS)

Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 Multiframe (16 frames) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Frame 0 (32 Time Slots)

Frame 1->15 (32 Time Slots)

Time Slot

0123456789
Speech Ch. 1-15

16

31 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Speech Ch. 16-30

16

31

Speech Ch. 1-15

Speech Ch. 16-30

Time Slot 0 (8 bits) I 0011011

Frame Alignment Word

Time Slot 16 (8 bits) 0 0 0 0XYXX

MultiFrame Alignment Word Changes to 1 on loss of distant multiframe

Time Slot 0 (8 bits) I 1 ANNNNN

Changes to 1 on loss of distant frame (remote alarm) Not-Frame alignment word

Time Slot 16 Signalling Bits 11111111 00000000 A BCD A BCD

ch1-15 16-30

X = Spare Bits, set to 1 if not used. N=National Bits. I =International Bits Y = Yellow Alarm (Loss of MultiFrame Alignment Signal) (0 = Normal | 1 = Loss of MFAS)
30

31

1. Gii thiu North American T1

North American T1 facilities operate at 1.544 Mbps. Framing may be either Superframe (D4) or Extended Superframe (ESF). These facilities are deployed in the United States, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (Hong Kong also employs International G.732 interconnectivity). Related Specifications: ----------------------AT&T Pub 62411 (D4, Line Characteristics) AT&T Pub 54016 (ESF) ANSI T1.403 (DS1 Metallic Interface)
32

2. T1 Frame Format
CH 1 . . . . . . . 24

AT&T - 1957
Analog
-

DS 0

F DS 1

D Channel Bank
DS 0

Analog

CH 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

8 bit PCM Codes 24 Channels + 1 Framing Bit = 193 bits (Overhead)

Level
DS 0 DS 1

Bit Rate
64 kbps 1.544 Mbps

Circuit
1 24

1 F-bit

8 bit TS 1

8 bit TS 2

8 bit TS 3

8 bit TS 24
33

3. Superframe Format (D4 Framing)

Standard frame is 193 bits long (1 Framing bit + 24 8-bit timeslots). Each timeslot is scanned at a rate of 8000 times per second. Therefore, in one second, there are: 8000 * 8 bits/TS * 24 TS = 1,536,000 Bits of "Payload" data transmitted. There are: 8000 * 1 = 8,000 Bits of synchronization bits transmitted within a one second interval. Therefore, the total aggregate rate of the T1 signal is 1,544,000 bps (1.544 Mbps). A Super frame consists of twelve 193-bit frames. A framing bit can support different functions, depending upon which of the twelve frames it is in. There are two types of framing bits; Terminal framing (Ft) and Signaling framing (Fs) bits.
34

3. Superframe Format (tt)

35

3. Superframe Format (tt)

36

4. D4 Voice and Data Signaling vi Superframe Format

The transport of signaling states is required in Switched voice or data (Switched 56K service). Signaling is accomplished through a "Robbed Bit" method where bit 8 of each channel's timeslot is "robbed" to indicate a signaling state in the 6th and 12th frames. Effective throughput for the A signaling bit (Frame 6) is 666.66 BPS. Effective throughput for the B signaling bit (Frame 12) is the same (666.66 BPS).

37

5. Extended-Superframe Format (ESF)

The standard frame is 193 bits long (1 Framing bit + 24 8-bit timeslots). Each timeslot is scanned at a rate of 8000 times per second (as in D4/SF). The line rate is 1.544 MBPS supporting a data "payload" of 1.536 MBPS. There are three types of framing bits; Frame Pattern Sync (FPS), Datalink (DL), and Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits. Of the 8 KBPS framing bit bandwidth: 4 Kbps is allocated to the Datalink 2 Kbps is allocated to the CRC-6 character 2 Kbps is used for synchronization purposes

An Extended Superframe consists of twenty-four 193-bit frames:

38

3. CU TRC T1-ESF
Extended Superframe Frame Format
Extended Superframe 4632 Bits FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR FR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Frame 193 Bits F CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 192 Bits Frame Overhead 1 Bit Channel 8 Bits Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8

39

5. Extended-Superframe Format (tt)

40

6.ESF Voice and Data Signaling

The transport of signaling states is required in Switched voice or data (Switched 56K service). Signaling is accomplished through a "Robbed Bit" method where bit 8 of each channel's timeslot is "robbed" to indicate a signaling state in the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th frames. Effective throughput for the A signaling bit (Frame 6) is 333.33 BPS. Effective throughput for the B, C and D bits is the same (333.33 BPS).

41

7. Tm tt T1- ESF Structure

Extended Superframe Format
Frame Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Bit Number Fe 0 193 386 579 772 965 1158 1351 1544 1737 1930 2123 2316 2509 2702 2895 3088 3281 3474 3667 3860 4053 4246 4439 F Bit FDL m C1 m 0 m C2 m 0 m C3 m 1 m C4 m 0 m C5 m 1 m C6 m 1 CRC Bit use in Each Channel Traffic 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-7 Signaling Robbed Bit Signaling

D
42

Line Code - Bipolar, 50% RTZ

To guarantee 0 DC element on the line, bipolar is used To eliminate high frequency components that can interfere with other transmissions, digital services utilize 50% duty cycle, known as: Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI)
(Mark = Logic 1)
Bit 1 0 + 0V Bit 2 1 Bit 3 1 Bit 4 0

43

Bipolar Violations

1 +3 Volts 0 -3 Volts 1 BPV 1 One Error 0

44

T1 Standard
ANSI T1.403 - 1989

Line Rate Cable Length Pulse Amplitude Maximum Successive Zeros

1.544 MHz 6.000 ft max. 2.7 to 3.3 V 15

Receive Attenuation
Line Build Out

15 to 22.5 dB
0.0, 7.5, 15 dB

45

T1 Summary

Serial Synchronous Bits Stream at 1.544 Mbps Timeslot 8 bits 24 Timeslots 8 24 = 192 bits Frame 24 T.S. + 1 Framing Bit = 192 + 1 = 193 bits Sampling Rate 8.000 samples/sec T1 Bit Stream 8.000 Frames (192 bits/frame + 1 bit/frame) = 1.536 Mbps + 0.008 Mbps (framing) = 1.544 Mbps Line Code AMI (50% Duty Cycle) or B8ZS (for clear channel) Synchronization From Line Interface 4-wire, Balanced, 100 W, RJ-45 Connector (or dB-15)

46

E1/T1 Error Conditions

Principal T1/E1 Alarms

Red Alarm (FAS Loss)

Produced by a receiver to indicate that it has lost frame alignment

Yellow Alarm (RAI)

Returned to a transmitting terminal to report a loss of frame alignment at the receiving terminal

Normally, a T1/E1 terminal will use the receivers red alarm to request that a yellow alarm be transmitted
47

E1/T1 Error Conditions (Cont.)

Blue Alarm (AIS)
A continuous ones pattern without framing, indicates an upstream failure

Blue (AIS)

Red (LOF)

Loss here

T1/E1 MUX

T3/E3 MUX

Yellow (RAI)

48

Principal Error Conditions

Loss of Carrier

Receive data was 0 for 31 consecutive bits

Bipolar Violation

A failure to meet the AMI T1 line code

F Bit Error

Framing bit is in error

49

50

Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

34 Mbps

140M LTE

140 34 34 8 8 2 2
2 Mbps

140 34 34 8 8

140M LTE

8 Mbps

Customer

Add/Drop operation requires complete demultiplex NG to locate A channels bits

51

The Add/Drop Operation

SW 1 T1
AD M

T1
M AD

SW 2

Fiber Optic Ring (622 Mbps)

ADM

New Technologies
T1

SW 3

Very tight synchronization Use pointers to locate channels

52

SDH/SONET
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Synchronous Optical Network

Developed as a result of PDH inability to cater for new digital data transmission requirements Evolved as a joint world-wide standardization effort (ITU-T&ANSI) Few differences still exist between European (ETSI) SDH and North-American (ANSI) SONET Had to accommodate older PDH systems that are still operating

53

The Hierarchical Network

Transport
Tier 1 -Core Network Core Network Trunk Network

High Capacity Network

Switching
Trunk Network

Tier 2 -Metro/ Regional Network

Regional Area Large Urban Area Rural Area Urban Area Junction Network Metro Area

Tier 3 -Local/ Network/ Junction Access Network

Local Network

Distribution Network

RC

PC

CPE

PC

CPE

RC

54

The Transmission Equipment Hierarchy

PDH
Core, Backbone Trunk, Long Distance Regional, Urban, Metropolitan 565 Mbps Fiber 140 Mbps Fiber 140 Mbps Radio 34/14 Mbps Multiplex 140 Mbps Fiber 34 Mbps Fiber 34 Mbps Radio 34/140 Multiplex 2/34 Mbps Multiplex 8 Mbps Fiber 4 2M Radio 2M Radio 2/8 Multiplex Flex Mux Primary Multiplexer Channel Bank Access Multiplexer
140M

SDH
2.5G

2.5 Gbps OLS 2.5 Gbps ADM 155M Radio 4/4 DXC 2.5 Gbps OLS 2.5 Gbps ADM 622M OLS 622M ADM 155M Radio 4/3/1 DXC 622M OLS 622M ADM 155M ADM

4 Equivalent Capacity 34M 622M

Local Junction, Access

8M 4 2M 2M

155M

Access

64K

55

SDH/SONET Bit Rates

Information Structure Rate

51.84 Mbps 155.52 Mbps 622.08 Mbps 2.48 Gbps 10 Gbps STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64

SDH

SONET
STS-1 (OC-1) STS-3 (OC-3) STS-12 (OC-12) STS-48 (OC-48) STS-192 (OC-192)

56

The SDH Add/Drop Operation

SW 1 E1
AD M

E1
M AD

SW 2

Fiber Optic SDH Ring (622 Mbps)

Cut

ADM

New Technologies
E1

SW 3

Very tight synchronization (very few slips) Uses pointers to locate channels

57

The STS-1 Frame (52 Mbps)

90 columns 8 bits

9 rows

SONET Overhead 3 columns (3 rows for Section Overhead 6 rows for Line Overhead)

SONET Payload (SPE) 9 rows x 87 columns

Path Overhead

125 microseconds

58

The STM-1 Frame (155 Mbps)

270 Columns (bytes)
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Multiplex Section Overhead Regenerator Section Overhead

270

9 rows

STM-1 Payload

Frame Period = 125 ms

59

VC-4/AU-4 Mapping to STM-1 Frame

STM-1 Frame RSOH

Multiplexing Function

AU-4 (AU-G)

MSOH AU-4 PTR

Aligning Function
VC-4 POH

VC-4

Mapping Function

60

STM-1 Structure
VC-4 Payload SOH

Seat on the Carriage = Tugs

61

Populating the Seats in the Carriage

TUG2 Seats

One Large Passenger VC2

Three Smaller Passengers 3 VC12

Four Even Smaller Passengers 4 VC11

62

STM-N Frame Structure

270 N Columns (bytes) 9N
1
Section Overhead SOH

261 N

3 4 5
Section Overhead SOH Administrative Unit Pointer(s)

9 rows

STM-N Payload

63

STM-Nc - Concatenated Frame Structure

270 N Columns (bytes) 10 N
1
Section Overhead SOH

260 N

3 4 5
Section Overhead SOH Concatenation Indication STM-N Payload

9 rows

Payload Overhead. N 1 Columns. One Column - Real Payload Overhead. Others - Fixed Stuff
64

Multiplexing of N AUGs into STM-N

1 1 9

261 1 9

261

#1 AUG

#N AUG

RSOH
123....N123....N

123....N123....N

MSOH Nx9 N x 261 STM-N

123....N

65

STM-1 SOH
9 bytes
A1 B1 D1 A1 D D A1 D D A2 E1 D2 A2 D D A2 J0 F1 D3 * *

RSOH

9 rows

Administrative Unit Pointer(s) B2 D4 D7 10 S1 B2 B2 K1 D5 D8 D11 M1 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2

MSOH

Bytes reserved for national use * Unscrambled bytes. Therefore care should be taken with their content
66

D Media dependent bytes

Ring In Interoffice Application

HUB DCS DS-3s Fibe r 1 Fibe r 2 Wire Ce nte r

SONET ADM

DS-3s Wire Ce nte r

SONET ADM

SONET ADM

DS-3s Wire Ce nte r

OC-N

SONET ADM
DS-3s/ Wire DS-1 Ce nte r

OC-N CUT

67

Network Management
SW 1 E1
AD M

E1
M AD

SW 2

Fiber Optic SDH Ring (622 Mbps)

ADM

E1 SW 3

New Technologies

Embedded overhead channels (EOC) for management messages Uses standard communications protocols

68

SDH Standards

G.651

Multimode Fiber Specification

G.652
G.700 G.701 G.702

Single Mode Fiber Specification

Framework of the G.700, 800, 900 Rec. Vocabulary of Terms Digital Hierarchy Bit Rates

G.703
G.704 G.705 G.707

Physical/Electrical Characteristics Interfaces

Synchronous Frame Structures Primary & Secondary Levels Characteristics - Terminate Digital Links on a Digital Exchange Network Node Interface for SDH Incl. Multiplexing Structure

G.774.04
G.780 G.781

SDH Management for SNC Protection for the NE

Vocabulary of Terms for SDH Networks and Equipment Structure & Rec. for Multiplexing Equipment for the SDH

69

SDH Standards (Cont.)

G.783

Characteristics of SDH Equipment Functional Blocks

G.784
G.803 G.825 G.826 G.831 G.832 G.841 G.957 G.958 ITU-R O.SDH

SDH Management
Architectures of Transport Networks Based on SDH Control of Jitter & Wander in Digital Nets based on SDH Error Performance Parameters and Objectives Management Capabilities of Transport Nets based on SDH SDH Elements on PDH Networks: Frames and Multiplexing SDH Protection: Rings and Other Architectures Physical Parameters for SDH Optical Interface Provides overall Requirements for Optical Interfaces Architectures & Functional Aspects of Radio Relay for SDH Equipment to Assess Error Performance on SDH Interface
70

ANSI Standards
Phase I

T1.105 Byte interleaved multiplexing format Line rates for STS - 1, 3, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 Mappings for DS0, DS1, DS2, DS3 Monitoring mechanisms for section, line and path structures 192 kbps and 576 kbps DCC T1.106 - This is an associated standard that establishes the optical parameters for the SONET standards. Single mode fiber is defined as the standard optical transmission medium T1.107 - Digital hierarchy format specification
71

ANSI Standards (Cont.)

Phase II

T1.105R1 SONET format clarification and enhancements Timing and synchronization enhancements Automatic protection switching (APS) Seven-layer protocol stack for DCC and embedded operations channels Mapping of DS4 (139 Mbps) signal into STS-3c T1.117 - Optical parameters for short-haul (2 km) multimode fiber cable
T1.102-199X - Electrical specifications for STS-1 and STS-3 signals
72

ANSI Standards (Cont.)

Phase III

T1.105.01-1994 - Protection for two & four fiber bidirectional line switched SONET rings T1.105.05-1994 - Tandem connection overhead layer for SONET T1.105.03-1994 - Jitter for SONET and SONET-PDH T1.119-1994 - Management of SONET NE, OSI compliant interface T1.204 - OAM&P lower layer protocols for TMN interfaces T1.208 - OAM&P upper layer protocols for TMN interfaces T1.214 - OAM&P network model for interfaces between OS & NE T1.215 - OAM&P fault management messages for OS & NE T1.229 - OAM&P performance management messages for OS & NE T1.231 - Layer 1 in-service transmission performance monitoring
73